Introduction to Modern Semiconductor Device
Electronic devices, diodes, transistors .. etc are made form semiconductors.The group of closely lying energy levels corresponding to an orbital is called an energy band. The band that contains valence electrons or the highest completely filled band or partially filled band of a solid is called valence band.The lowest unfilled or empty band of a solid is called conduction band. The energy gap between the valence and conduction bands i.e., the difference between the lowest energy of the conduction band and the highest energy of the valence band is called forbidden band or forbidden gap or energy gap. If the conduction and valence bands overlap , the solid is called conductor. If the conduction and valence bands are separated by an energy gap of greater than 5 eV or the forbidden band width is greater than 5 eV, the solid is an insulator. If the forbidden band width is about 1 eV, the solid is a semiconductor. A pure semiconductor is called intrinsic semiconductor. Wen a semiconductor contains an impurity then the semiconductor is called an extrinsic semiconductor. It increases the conductivity of a semiconductor.Adding an impurity to a semiconductor is called doping. Extrinsic semiconductors are of two types (i) n - type semiconductor and (ii) p - type semiconductor.
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Modern Semiconductor devices
Diode : Diode is a device with two electrodes. A p-n junction diode is a two terminal device made up of a semiconductor crystal. It has two terminals which act as electrodes. A diode is said to be forward - biased, when the p-side of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and the n-side of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. A diode is said to be reverse - biased , when the p-side of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of a battery and the n-side of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.
Rectifier: Rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (ac) to direct current (dc). In a half wave rectifier, the output current which is dc flows for only half of the input ac. The maximum efficiency of a half wave rectifier is 40.6%. In a full wave rectifier, the output current which is dc flows during both the halves of the input ac. The maximum efficiency of a full wave rectifier is 81.2%.
Zener diode : Zener diode is a special type of diode that allows current in the forward direction lika a p - n junction diode but also in the reverse direction fi the voltage is larger than the rated break down voltage or Zener voltage without any damage. Zener diode is used as a voltage regulator.
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Modern Semiconductor devices (continued)
Transistor : A transistor is a three terminal device . Its three parts are (1)emitter(E), (ii) base (B) and (iii) collector (C). The emitter of a transistor is heavily doped and is of intermediate size. The base of a transistor is least doped and is of least size. The collector of a transistor is of intermediate doping level and is of largest size. The two types of a transistor are (i) n - p -n transistor and (ii) p - n - p transistor. The three configurations of a transistor are (i) common - emitter (CE) configuration, (ii) common - base (CB) configuration and (III) common -collector (CC) configuration. A transistor is used as an amplifier.
logic gate : A logic gate is an electronic circuit which performs a particular logical function. Logic gates are of different types depending upon the logical function performed by the gate. The different types are (i) AND gate, (ii) OR gate , (iii) NOT gate , (iv) NOR gate and (v) NAND gate.
Monday, June 10, 2013
Byproducts of Coal Burning
Introduction to by products of coal burning
Coal is an extremely important fuel and will always remain so. About 23% of primary energy needs are met by coal and 39% of electricity generation takes place from coal. Nearly 70% of world steel production depends on coal feedstock. Coal is the world's most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel source. The International Energy Agency expects a 43% increase in its use from 2000 to 2020.
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Coal burning produces many by products some of which are useful and others harmful as mentioned:
Carbon dioxide
Burning coal produces about 9 billion tones of carbon dioxide each year which is released to the atmosphere, about 70% of this being used for power generation. The copious amounts of carbon dioxide that coal fired power stations push into the air – far greater amounts per unit of electrical energy than any other form of electrical generation. However, the coal pollution is not limited to carbon dioxide, which warms up our planet. There are other dangerous by products of coal burning.
Of course the actual types of by product depend on the nature and quality of the coal that is burnt, and its energy content
By products of coal burning : Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide , Soot
Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
Most coal burning releases nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Both chemicals make acid rain, which in turn is making the oceans more acidic. It is indicative of the energy companies’ attitude to pollution that although it has been possible to reduce the emissions of sulphur dioxide from coal by 90% for many years, it has taken a European Union Directive about air quality to force the installation of Flue Gas Desulphurisation at Aberthaw Power Station in South Wales.
Soot
All coal burning releases soot. Many people die from inhaling soot each year – the United Nations place the figure at 40,000.Hence, soot is very harmful to humans if taken in at large amounts.
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By products of coal burning : Ash and clinker , Mercury
Ash and clinker
All coal burning creates ash and clinker. The ash often contains traces of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead mercury and arsenic. The electricity generators simply dump the ash and clinker, burying it in landfill. The ash and clinker has about as much use as those slag heaps, now largely grassed over, that surrounded coal mines – both ugly and dangerous. It has no use, so it is dumped.
Mercury
Most coal burning release mercury into the atmosphere. Some species of fish are very good at absorbing mercury and that makes eating those species dangerous for the very young and for pregnant women, as I have explained elsewhere on these posts.
Of course in release these and other by products, the power station operators are simply trying to maximise their profits from power generation because environmentally friendly expenses stand in their way of profits. They sell their electricity to us, and virtually all of us are more interested in buying the product as cheaply as we can, regardless of the environmental consequences.
Coal is an extremely important fuel and will always remain so. About 23% of primary energy needs are met by coal and 39% of electricity generation takes place from coal. Nearly 70% of world steel production depends on coal feedstock. Coal is the world's most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel source. The International Energy Agency expects a 43% increase in its use from 2000 to 2020.
I like to share this specific heat air with you all through my article.
Coal burning produces many by products some of which are useful and others harmful as mentioned:
Carbon dioxide
Burning coal produces about 9 billion tones of carbon dioxide each year which is released to the atmosphere, about 70% of this being used for power generation. The copious amounts of carbon dioxide that coal fired power stations push into the air – far greater amounts per unit of electrical energy than any other form of electrical generation. However, the coal pollution is not limited to carbon dioxide, which warms up our planet. There are other dangerous by products of coal burning.
Of course the actual types of by product depend on the nature and quality of the coal that is burnt, and its energy content
By products of coal burning : Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide , Soot
Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
Most coal burning releases nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Both chemicals make acid rain, which in turn is making the oceans more acidic. It is indicative of the energy companies’ attitude to pollution that although it has been possible to reduce the emissions of sulphur dioxide from coal by 90% for many years, it has taken a European Union Directive about air quality to force the installation of Flue Gas Desulphurisation at Aberthaw Power Station in South Wales.
Soot
All coal burning releases soot. Many people die from inhaling soot each year – the United Nations place the figure at 40,000.Hence, soot is very harmful to humans if taken in at large amounts.
Is this topic angular velocity equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
By products of coal burning : Ash and clinker , Mercury
Ash and clinker
All coal burning creates ash and clinker. The ash often contains traces of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead mercury and arsenic. The electricity generators simply dump the ash and clinker, burying it in landfill. The ash and clinker has about as much use as those slag heaps, now largely grassed over, that surrounded coal mines – both ugly and dangerous. It has no use, so it is dumped.
Mercury
Most coal burning release mercury into the atmosphere. Some species of fish are very good at absorbing mercury and that makes eating those species dangerous for the very young and for pregnant women, as I have explained elsewhere on these posts.
Of course in release these and other by products, the power station operators are simply trying to maximise their profits from power generation because environmentally friendly expenses stand in their way of profits. They sell their electricity to us, and virtually all of us are more interested in buying the product as cheaply as we can, regardless of the environmental consequences.
Study Definition of E
Introduction to study definition of e:
The charge is the inherent property of the matter. As the two substances rubbed with each other some of the electrons are transferred to one body to the another. The body, which gains the electrons, have positive charge and the other which lose the electrons get the negative charge. The charge of an electron is the elementary charge and denoted by the e. We cannot reduce the charge as one third of electron or any other quantity, because the charge of an electron is elementary.
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Study definition of e:
The electric charge is the basic property of the matter due to which the electrostatic force comes into play. The charges are of the two types: positive and negative charge. The S.I. unit of charge is coulomb and the other units are esu, emu, stat coulomb etc. The electric charge is conserved and quantized. The electric charge does not depend on the velocity of that charged particle if it is moving. The experimental value of the elementary charge e is 1.602176487 × 10-19 Coulomb in S.I. units and in CGS units the value of the elementary charge is 4.80320427 × 10-10 stat coulomb. For the sake of the convenience, the charge of the electron is considered as -1 and the charge of the proton is + 1. In the terms of the Avogadro constant and the Faraday constant the elementary charge is the ratio of the Faraday’s constant and the Avogadro’s constant.
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Experimental measurements of the elementary charge:
We can find the value of the elementary charge by the Millikan’s oil drop experiment. In the experiment a small drop of a oil falls in the electric field. The force of gravity and the viscosity be deducted by the electric field force and to get the value of the elementary charge. We can produce the electric charge on any material by rubbing it with another material; this is known by the conduction. The other method is called the induction in which the charge is induced on the body by the charge of the another body. In case of induction, the charges on the two bodies are of opposite nature but in the conduction, the charge is of the same nature.
The charge is the inherent property of the matter. As the two substances rubbed with each other some of the electrons are transferred to one body to the another. The body, which gains the electrons, have positive charge and the other which lose the electrons get the negative charge. The charge of an electron is the elementary charge and denoted by the e. We cannot reduce the charge as one third of electron or any other quantity, because the charge of an electron is elementary.
Please express your views of this topic ratio of specific heats by commenting on blog.
Study definition of e:
The electric charge is the basic property of the matter due to which the electrostatic force comes into play. The charges are of the two types: positive and negative charge. The S.I. unit of charge is coulomb and the other units are esu, emu, stat coulomb etc. The electric charge is conserved and quantized. The electric charge does not depend on the velocity of that charged particle if it is moving. The experimental value of the elementary charge e is 1.602176487 × 10-19 Coulomb in S.I. units and in CGS units the value of the elementary charge is 4.80320427 × 10-10 stat coulomb. For the sake of the convenience, the charge of the electron is considered as -1 and the charge of the proton is + 1. In the terms of the Avogadro constant and the Faraday constant the elementary charge is the ratio of the Faraday’s constant and the Avogadro’s constant.
Having problem with electrical problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Experimental measurements of the elementary charge:
We can find the value of the elementary charge by the Millikan’s oil drop experiment. In the experiment a small drop of a oil falls in the electric field. The force of gravity and the viscosity be deducted by the electric field force and to get the value of the elementary charge. We can produce the electric charge on any material by rubbing it with another material; this is known by the conduction. The other method is called the induction in which the charge is induced on the body by the charge of the another body. In case of induction, the charges on the two bodies are of opposite nature but in the conduction, the charge is of the same nature.
Unified Field Theory for Dummies
Physics, a unified field theory is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a single field. There is no accepted unified field theory. It remains an open line of research. The term was coined by Einstein who attempted to unify the general theory of relativity with electromagnetism, hoping to recover an approximation for quantum theory. A "theory of everything" is closely related to unified field theory, but differs by not requiring the basis of nature to be fields, and also attempts to explain all physical constants of nature.
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This article describes unified field theory as it is currently understood in connection with quantum theory. Earlier attempts based on classical physics are described in the article on classical unified field theories.
There may be no a prior reason why the correct description of nature has to be a unified field theory; however, this goal has led to a great deal of progress in modern theoretical physics and continues to motivate research. Unified field theory is only one possible approach to unification of physics
The first successful (classical) unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents. Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previous separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism. Later, in his theory of special relativity, Albert Einstein was able to explain the unity of electricity and magnetism as a consequence of the unification of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime.
In 1921 Theodor Kaluza extended General Relativity to five dimensions and in 1926 Oscar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up (or compactified) into a small, unobserved circle. This was dubbed Kaluza-Klein theory. It was quickly noticed that this extra spatial direction gave rise to an additional force similar to electricity and magnetism. This was pursued as the basis for some of Albert Einstein's later unsuccessful attempts at a unified field theory. Einstein and others pursued various non-quantum approaches to unifying these forces; however as quantum theory became generally accepted as fundamental, most physicists came to view all such theories as doomed to failure.
I am planning to write more post on Change in Internal Energy, Ohm's Law Formula. Keep checking my blog.
This article describes unified field theory as it is currently understood in connection with quantum theory. Earlier attempts based on classical physics are described in the article on classical unified field theories.
There may be no a prior reason why the correct description of nature has to be a unified field theory; however, this goal has led to a great deal of progress in modern theoretical physics and continues to motivate research. Unified field theory is only one possible approach to unification of physics
The first successful (classical) unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents. Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previous separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism. Later, in his theory of special relativity, Albert Einstein was able to explain the unity of electricity and magnetism as a consequence of the unification of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime.
In 1921 Theodor Kaluza extended General Relativity to five dimensions and in 1926 Oscar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up (or compactified) into a small, unobserved circle. This was dubbed Kaluza-Klein theory. It was quickly noticed that this extra spatial direction gave rise to an additional force similar to electricity and magnetism. This was pursued as the basis for some of Albert Einstein's later unsuccessful attempts at a unified field theory. Einstein and others pursued various non-quantum approaches to unifying these forces; however as quantum theory became generally accepted as fundamental, most physicists came to view all such theories as doomed to failure.
Friday, June 7, 2013
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Science
Introduction to hydrogen fuel cell science:
The first fuel was conceived by a Welsh judge, inventor Sir William Robert in 1839. In the occurrence of an electrolyte, he mixed hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water. Later on, this invention was known as fuel cell but it didn’t produce enough electricity which is to be used.
Afterwards, in 1889, Ludwig Mond coined the term ‘fuel’ who attempted building a functioning fuel cell with air and industrial coal gas.
Functioning of hydrogen fuel cell:
Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity quickly and efficiently, without pollution.
A fuel cell is a conversion device of electrochemical energy. It converts the chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen into water. In the whole process, it produces electricity. When we use fuel cell, chemicals flow constantly into the cell so it never goes dead. As the chemicals flow in cell, electricity flows out of the cell. Most of the fuel cell use hydrogen and oxygen as chemicals.
Types of fuel cells in addition to hydrogen fuel cell:
The fuel cell has the competition with various energy conversion devices which includes the gas turbine in our city’s power plant, the gasoline engine in our car and the most important the battery in our laptops. A fuel cell gives a direct current voltage that is used to power motors, lights and any number of electrical appliances. There are many types of fuel cells, each use different chemistry. For example, polymer exchange membrane fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, and molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, and direct methanol fuel cell, etc.
Efficiency of hydrogen fuel cell:
The primary goal of fuel cell is the pollution reduction. Fuel cell has capability to be up to 80% efficient, if it is powered with pure hydrogen. It means it converts 80% of the hydrogen energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is changed into mechanical work by electric motor and inverter.
Disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells:
Most of the fuel cell components are very expensive.
In general, fuel cells are slightly bigger than other batteries and engines.
The refueling and starting time of this cell vehicles are very longer.
This technology is not fully generated.
The first fuel was conceived by a Welsh judge, inventor Sir William Robert in 1839. In the occurrence of an electrolyte, he mixed hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water. Later on, this invention was known as fuel cell but it didn’t produce enough electricity which is to be used.
Afterwards, in 1889, Ludwig Mond coined the term ‘fuel’ who attempted building a functioning fuel cell with air and industrial coal gas.
Functioning of hydrogen fuel cell:
Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity quickly and efficiently, without pollution.
A fuel cell is a conversion device of electrochemical energy. It converts the chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen into water. In the whole process, it produces electricity. When we use fuel cell, chemicals flow constantly into the cell so it never goes dead. As the chemicals flow in cell, electricity flows out of the cell. Most of the fuel cell use hydrogen and oxygen as chemicals.
Types of fuel cells in addition to hydrogen fuel cell:
The fuel cell has the competition with various energy conversion devices which includes the gas turbine in our city’s power plant, the gasoline engine in our car and the most important the battery in our laptops. A fuel cell gives a direct current voltage that is used to power motors, lights and any number of electrical appliances. There are many types of fuel cells, each use different chemistry. For example, polymer exchange membrane fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, and molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, and direct methanol fuel cell, etc.
Efficiency of hydrogen fuel cell:
The primary goal of fuel cell is the pollution reduction. Fuel cell has capability to be up to 80% efficient, if it is powered with pure hydrogen. It means it converts 80% of the hydrogen energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is changed into mechanical work by electric motor and inverter.
Disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells:
Most of the fuel cell components are very expensive.
In general, fuel cells are slightly bigger than other batteries and engines.
The refueling and starting time of this cell vehicles are very longer.
This technology is not fully generated.
Thursday, June 6, 2013
Science Definition of Matter
Introduction to science definition of matter:
If we hold a glass sheet in our hand and look at it, the sheet appears to be a continuous one. In case it falls due to accident or by our negligence, what will happen? It will immediately break in to very small or tiny pieces. What does it show? The fine pieces of glass indicate that the sheet is made up of particles. In fact, every matter is made up of certain particles which differ in shape, size and nature from other type of matter.
Understanding What is Displacement in Physics is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Important characteristics of nature of matter
The important characteristics of the particulate nature of matter may be summed up as follows:
Every matter is made up of particles.
The particles constituting a matter are very small in size.
The particles have empty or vacant spaces in them known as inter particle spaces.
Particles are not stationary and are in a state of motion.
Attractive forces are present in the particles of a substance. These are called inter particle forces.
The particle motion increases with the rise in temperature.
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Explanation to science definition of matter
Hence, Anything or everything which occupies space and has mass, is known as matter. According to ancient Greeks and Indian Philosophers, matter is made from five constituents namely air, earth, water, fire and sky. Matter has two ways of classification. These are physical and chemical classification. Matter is made up of particles which are characterized by shape, size and mass. Inter particle spaces are present in all types of matter. Their size and number can vary from one matter to the other. Matter is always seen as an aggregate of small or tiny particles which cannot be seen individually by naked eye. Particles present in a matter are in a state of motion. It is least in the solid state and maximum in the gaseous state. Inter particle attraction depends on the physical state of the matter. Particle motion generally increases with the rise in temperature. Thus,Matter has many definitions, but the most common is that it is any substance which has mass and occupies space. All physical objects are composed of matter, in the form of atoms, which are in turn composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
If we hold a glass sheet in our hand and look at it, the sheet appears to be a continuous one. In case it falls due to accident or by our negligence, what will happen? It will immediately break in to very small or tiny pieces. What does it show? The fine pieces of glass indicate that the sheet is made up of particles. In fact, every matter is made up of certain particles which differ in shape, size and nature from other type of matter.
Understanding What is Displacement in Physics is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Important characteristics of nature of matter
The important characteristics of the particulate nature of matter may be summed up as follows:
Every matter is made up of particles.
The particles constituting a matter are very small in size.
The particles have empty or vacant spaces in them known as inter particle spaces.
Particles are not stationary and are in a state of motion.
Attractive forces are present in the particles of a substance. These are called inter particle forces.
The particle motion increases with the rise in temperature.
Is this topic Equation for Work hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Explanation to science definition of matter
Hence, Anything or everything which occupies space and has mass, is known as matter. According to ancient Greeks and Indian Philosophers, matter is made from five constituents namely air, earth, water, fire and sky. Matter has two ways of classification. These are physical and chemical classification. Matter is made up of particles which are characterized by shape, size and mass. Inter particle spaces are present in all types of matter. Their size and number can vary from one matter to the other. Matter is always seen as an aggregate of small or tiny particles which cannot be seen individually by naked eye. Particles present in a matter are in a state of motion. It is least in the solid state and maximum in the gaseous state. Inter particle attraction depends on the physical state of the matter. Particle motion generally increases with the rise in temperature. Thus,Matter has many definitions, but the most common is that it is any substance which has mass and occupies space. All physical objects are composed of matter, in the form of atoms, which are in turn composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Prepare Saturated Solution
Introduction of Prepare saturated solution:
When a solute is added in to the solvent a solution is prepare. A more amount is solute is added in to this solution, it will dissolve. After continuously added solute in to the solution, a stage is come at which no more amount of solute is added, and we prepare saturated solution. Saturated solution is that solution in which no more amount of solute are added under normal condition of temperature and pressure. Unsaturated solution is that solution in which more amount of solute can be added to prepare a saturated solution under normal condition of temperature and pressure.
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Properties of prepare saturated solution:
A saturated solution dissolves only a limited amount of solute.
More amount of solute can be added to a saturated solution on increasing the temperature of solution. It means a prepare saturated solution converts into the unsaturated one on increasing the temperature. After some period of time, dissolved solute of prepares saturated solution crystallize.
A prepare saturated solution gives the idea about the solubility of the dissolved solute in a particular solvent under normal condition of temperature and pressure.
Dissolved solute of a prepare saturated solution precipitate under shearing conditions.
A saturated solution is highly viscous in nature and has very high surface tension.
Preparation of saturated solutions:
Sugar’s saturated solution:
To prepare saturated solution dissolves, sugar in water, take the 100 ml of water to a beaker. To this beaker, add the 1 g of sugar. And mix the solution continuously. This gives a sugar solution. To this sugar solution, further, add 1 g of sugar, and continuously stir it. Again add the more and more amount of sugar continuously to this and stir it, until no more sugar is dissolved. Filter this sugar solution. This gives a prepare saturated solution of sugar in water this saturated solution dissolves maximum amount of solute that it can be dissolved under normal condition of temperature and pressure. Count the total amount of sugar added to the 100 ml of water. And calculate the solubility of sugar in water under normal condition of temperature and pressure by dividing the total amount of sugar added to the total volume of water.
When a solute is added in to the solvent a solution is prepare. A more amount is solute is added in to this solution, it will dissolve. After continuously added solute in to the solution, a stage is come at which no more amount of solute is added, and we prepare saturated solution. Saturated solution is that solution in which no more amount of solute are added under normal condition of temperature and pressure. Unsaturated solution is that solution in which more amount of solute can be added to prepare a saturated solution under normal condition of temperature and pressure.
I am planning to write more post on Displacement Method, Physics Formulas. Keep checking my blog.
Properties of prepare saturated solution:
A saturated solution dissolves only a limited amount of solute.
More amount of solute can be added to a saturated solution on increasing the temperature of solution. It means a prepare saturated solution converts into the unsaturated one on increasing the temperature. After some period of time, dissolved solute of prepares saturated solution crystallize.
A prepare saturated solution gives the idea about the solubility of the dissolved solute in a particular solvent under normal condition of temperature and pressure.
Dissolved solute of a prepare saturated solution precipitate under shearing conditions.
A saturated solution is highly viscous in nature and has very high surface tension.
Preparation of saturated solutions:
Sugar’s saturated solution:
To prepare saturated solution dissolves, sugar in water, take the 100 ml of water to a beaker. To this beaker, add the 1 g of sugar. And mix the solution continuously. This gives a sugar solution. To this sugar solution, further, add 1 g of sugar, and continuously stir it. Again add the more and more amount of sugar continuously to this and stir it, until no more sugar is dissolved. Filter this sugar solution. This gives a prepare saturated solution of sugar in water this saturated solution dissolves maximum amount of solute that it can be dissolved under normal condition of temperature and pressure. Count the total amount of sugar added to the 100 ml of water. And calculate the solubility of sugar in water under normal condition of temperature and pressure by dividing the total amount of sugar added to the total volume of water.
Thermal Energy and States of Matter
Introduction to thermal energy and states of matter:
Matter available in three states – solids, liquids and gases. Gases differ from the others in that gases are not rigid and are highly compressible. Chemistry deals with the structure of matter and the changes which it takes, it is appropriate to know about “ Matter”.
Matter may be defined as ‘Anything which occupies space and has mass.’ Some examples of matter are water, air, plants etc. States of Matter is classified in two different ways.
Classification of states of matter
Physical classification of states of matter:
On the account of rigidity, volume and shape, matter is classified into solid, Liquid or gas. These are the states of matter,
Solids are rigid substances which have definite shape and definite volume.
Example: A piece of metal, a wooden box etc.
Liquids have definite volume but not has definite shape. They can take the shape of the containers in which they are placed.
Example: milk, fruit juice etc.
Gases have no definite shape and definite volume.
Example: nitrogen, air etc.
Plasma is the fourth state of matter, it contains gaseous ions and it available at very high temperature.
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Chemical Classification of states of matter:
On the account of chemical composition, matter can be classified as element, compound or mixture. These are the states of matter,
a) Elements:
These are the substances which cannot be further decomposed by ordinary chemical means. These are about 116 elements known so far, out of which nearly ninety(90) are naturally occurring elements, while the rest are prepared artificially by the nuclear process.
b) Compounds: These are the substances which can be decomposed into two or more simple substances by ordinary chemical method. A compound is formed by the combination of two or more elements. A compound must has a definite chemical composition. Examples: Water, Ethane, methane etc.
c) Mixtures: These are the substances which may be separated into their components by some physical methods. In a mixture, the elements retain their properties. Example; air, solution of water and salt etc.
Thermal energy
Due to the random movements of atoms and molecules, internal energy develops in a system, this part of the internal energy refers to Thermal energy. The excellent source of thermal energy available to all living organisms is the sun, the sun’s thermal energy is increased by the nuclear fusion in the sun. In the form of radiation thermal energy emitted by the sun, it is called Heat. Thermal energy is the form of kinetic energy, which is produced by the random movements of molecules in matter. Thermal energy may be increased or decreased.
Matter available in three states – solids, liquids and gases. Gases differ from the others in that gases are not rigid and are highly compressible. Chemistry deals with the structure of matter and the changes which it takes, it is appropriate to know about “ Matter”.
Matter may be defined as ‘Anything which occupies space and has mass.’ Some examples of matter are water, air, plants etc. States of Matter is classified in two different ways.
Classification of states of matter
Physical classification of states of matter:
On the account of rigidity, volume and shape, matter is classified into solid, Liquid or gas. These are the states of matter,
Solids are rigid substances which have definite shape and definite volume.
Example: A piece of metal, a wooden box etc.
Liquids have definite volume but not has definite shape. They can take the shape of the containers in which they are placed.
Example: milk, fruit juice etc.
Gases have no definite shape and definite volume.
Example: nitrogen, air etc.
Plasma is the fourth state of matter, it contains gaseous ions and it available at very high temperature.
Please express your views of this topic Elastic Potential Energy Equation by commenting on blog.
Chemical Classification of states of matter:
On the account of chemical composition, matter can be classified as element, compound or mixture. These are the states of matter,
a) Elements:
These are the substances which cannot be further decomposed by ordinary chemical means. These are about 116 elements known so far, out of which nearly ninety(90) are naturally occurring elements, while the rest are prepared artificially by the nuclear process.
b) Compounds: These are the substances which can be decomposed into two or more simple substances by ordinary chemical method. A compound is formed by the combination of two or more elements. A compound must has a definite chemical composition. Examples: Water, Ethane, methane etc.
c) Mixtures: These are the substances which may be separated into their components by some physical methods. In a mixture, the elements retain their properties. Example; air, solution of water and salt etc.
Thermal energy
Due to the random movements of atoms and molecules, internal energy develops in a system, this part of the internal energy refers to Thermal energy. The excellent source of thermal energy available to all living organisms is the sun, the sun’s thermal energy is increased by the nuclear fusion in the sun. In the form of radiation thermal energy emitted by the sun, it is called Heat. Thermal energy is the form of kinetic energy, which is produced by the random movements of molecules in matter. Thermal energy may be increased or decreased.
Tuesday, June 4, 2013
What is Thiamine Deficiency
Introduction to thiamine deficiency diseases:
The other name of Vitamin B1 is thiamine and it is part of water-soluble vitamin B complex family. Only in 1890s, the Dutch medical officers Eijkman and Grins, working in Java, identified the commonalities of polyneuritis in birds and the disease beriberi in humans. On experimenting, it was found that this disease was caused due to deficiency in vitamin B1.Let us discuss more on thiamine deficiency diseases.
More facts on thiamine deficiency diseases:
The thiamine molecule similar to other B-complex vitamins is soluble in water, white crystalline solid. Thiamine is considered stable enough either in its crystallized state or in an acid solution or even when it is heated. When put in a neutral or alkaline solution thiamine displays instability, which makes it sensitive to heat, oxygen and ultraviolet light.
In infants, thiamine deficiency causes diseases like infantile beriberi thus producing edema, irritability, abdominal pain, pallor, vomiting, loss of voice and, possibly, seizures. While wet beriberi causes severe edema, which originates in the legs and goes to upper body, dry beriberi results in multiple neurologic symptoms and an emaciated appearance. Cardiomegaly, palpitations, tachycardia, dyspnea, and circulatory collapse are also rooted to thiamine deficiency. However, constipation and indigestion are common; ataxia, nystagmus, and ophthalmoplegia can also occur.
Lack of thiamine deficiency (mild in nature):
Tiredness
Irritability
Disturbance of sleep
Beriberi is a symptom for more severe thiamine deficiency;
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is yet another condition caused due to severe thiamine deficiency and alcoholism
Thiamine deficiency diseases and consequences in various parts of the body:
Heart and blood vessels- Heart is enlarged, might fail to work and increases circulating blood volume.
Nervous system – This deficiency causes Polyneuritis. This affects the autonomic, sensory and motor nerves.
Eye - Thiamine deficiency may be one of the reasons for nutritional amblyopia
Gastrointestinal tract – Vitamin B1 deficiency can cause constipation with abdominal distension and colicky pains with or without anorexia, nausea, vomiting.
Conclusion for thiamine deficiency diseases:
In order to reduce cases of thiamine deficiency diseases, it is important to not only consume good wholesome foods but also take extra supplements to balance the daily intakes.
The other name of Vitamin B1 is thiamine and it is part of water-soluble vitamin B complex family. Only in 1890s, the Dutch medical officers Eijkman and Grins, working in Java, identified the commonalities of polyneuritis in birds and the disease beriberi in humans. On experimenting, it was found that this disease was caused due to deficiency in vitamin B1.Let us discuss more on thiamine deficiency diseases.
More facts on thiamine deficiency diseases:
The thiamine molecule similar to other B-complex vitamins is soluble in water, white crystalline solid. Thiamine is considered stable enough either in its crystallized state or in an acid solution or even when it is heated. When put in a neutral or alkaline solution thiamine displays instability, which makes it sensitive to heat, oxygen and ultraviolet light.
In infants, thiamine deficiency causes diseases like infantile beriberi thus producing edema, irritability, abdominal pain, pallor, vomiting, loss of voice and, possibly, seizures. While wet beriberi causes severe edema, which originates in the legs and goes to upper body, dry beriberi results in multiple neurologic symptoms and an emaciated appearance. Cardiomegaly, palpitations, tachycardia, dyspnea, and circulatory collapse are also rooted to thiamine deficiency. However, constipation and indigestion are common; ataxia, nystagmus, and ophthalmoplegia can also occur.
Lack of thiamine deficiency (mild in nature):
Tiredness
Irritability
Disturbance of sleep
Beriberi is a symptom for more severe thiamine deficiency;
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is yet another condition caused due to severe thiamine deficiency and alcoholism
Thiamine deficiency diseases and consequences in various parts of the body:
Heart and blood vessels- Heart is enlarged, might fail to work and increases circulating blood volume.
Nervous system – This deficiency causes Polyneuritis. This affects the autonomic, sensory and motor nerves.
Eye - Thiamine deficiency may be one of the reasons for nutritional amblyopia
Gastrointestinal tract – Vitamin B1 deficiency can cause constipation with abdominal distension and colicky pains with or without anorexia, nausea, vomiting.
Conclusion for thiamine deficiency diseases:
In order to reduce cases of thiamine deficiency diseases, it is important to not only consume good wholesome foods but also take extra supplements to balance the daily intakes.
Monday, June 3, 2013
Endemic Plant Species
Introduction of Endemic plant species
A species is called endemic when it is found only in a partiular geographic location. This means that it is found only at one place and not anywhere else. For instance, lemur is an endemic species to Madagascar or Orange-breasted Sunbird to Fynbos. Physical, climatic conditions and biological factors play a role in endemic plant species. It is therefore a matter of prime importance to safeguard the species that are branded endemic since they are not just rare but also little in number as compared to the rest. Nevertheless, they play an important role in the ecological system and therefore their importance cannot be denied.
Types of endemic plant species
There are mainly two categories - paleoendemic plant species known as Paleoendemism and neoendemc plant species known as Neoendemism. Paleoendemism was widespread on earth but is restricted to a small area. Neoendemism are those that have recently arisen and become reproductively separated or hybridized and are now a separate species. This is a most common process in plants especially those that exhibit polyploidy.
Characterstics of endemic plant species
Endemic plant species typically develop on islands due to geographical isolation. This applies to largely distant island like Socotra or Hawaii. These are also present in areas that are biologically isolated like Ethiopian highlands, or extremely large water bodies such as Lake Baikal.
Endemic plant species are prone to become endangered and even extinct due to the limited habitat and human interference. One such example is Bermuda Petrels and "Bermuda cedars" By the end of the 17th century, the petrels were almost extinct. Cedars, was a discriminated as an endemic plant species by centuries of shipbuilding, they were driven nearly to an extinction in the 20th Century by the introduction of a new parasite. Both are very- very rare today.
A species is called endemic when it is found only in a partiular geographic location. This means that it is found only at one place and not anywhere else. For instance, lemur is an endemic species to Madagascar or Orange-breasted Sunbird to Fynbos. Physical, climatic conditions and biological factors play a role in endemic plant species. It is therefore a matter of prime importance to safeguard the species that are branded endemic since they are not just rare but also little in number as compared to the rest. Nevertheless, they play an important role in the ecological system and therefore their importance cannot be denied.
Types of endemic plant species
There are mainly two categories - paleoendemic plant species known as Paleoendemism and neoendemc plant species known as Neoendemism. Paleoendemism was widespread on earth but is restricted to a small area. Neoendemism are those that have recently arisen and become reproductively separated or hybridized and are now a separate species. This is a most common process in plants especially those that exhibit polyploidy.
Characterstics of endemic plant species
Endemic plant species typically develop on islands due to geographical isolation. This applies to largely distant island like Socotra or Hawaii. These are also present in areas that are biologically isolated like Ethiopian highlands, or extremely large water bodies such as Lake Baikal.
Endemic plant species are prone to become endangered and even extinct due to the limited habitat and human interference. One such example is Bermuda Petrels and "Bermuda cedars" By the end of the 17th century, the petrels were almost extinct. Cedars, was a discriminated as an endemic plant species by centuries of shipbuilding, they were driven nearly to an extinction in the 20th Century by the introduction of a new parasite. Both are very- very rare today.
Local Plants and Animals
Introduction to local plants and animals
Plant and animal distribution in world is very complicated thing and surely needs further research, the distribution of each and every species in world dint take place instantly it took millions of years to evolve and be what it is today, the simple example of different species of crow in India and Srilanka is a classic example of how complex the distribution process really is, the other example of presence of indigenous people in Nicobar islands is another example, few sub-species of humans just as few as 500 exist today, that show how diverse the distribution and flourishing of humans took place.
Please express your views of this topic Concepts of Modern Physics by commenting on blog.
Evolution Prospects of local plants and animals :
There are several evolutionary prospects in distribution of plants and animals, local animals sometimes migrate when climate changes thus ensuring their survival, several species birds travel thousands of miles when season changes, similarly some kinds are plants are very much local to ever green forests while others are strictly local to deserts, the different nature of soil, local weather conditions that existed from millions of years made these plants very much local ones and they cannot really survive in other regions, Neem tree can grow almost in any part of India but cannot manage to survive outside south Asia,
Is this topic Formula for Density hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion to local plants and animals :
Today several outside varieties of plants and animals are localized and plants are able to survive even in different weather and climate zones, many research centers have made researches and introduced plants and animals into different parts of world, few managed to survive the local weather others did not survive, modifications in genetic make up have resulted in global distribution of animals possible, so now which one is local and foreign is very difficult to identify.
Plant and animal distribution in world is very complicated thing and surely needs further research, the distribution of each and every species in world dint take place instantly it took millions of years to evolve and be what it is today, the simple example of different species of crow in India and Srilanka is a classic example of how complex the distribution process really is, the other example of presence of indigenous people in Nicobar islands is another example, few sub-species of humans just as few as 500 exist today, that show how diverse the distribution and flourishing of humans took place.
Please express your views of this topic Concepts of Modern Physics by commenting on blog.
Evolution Prospects of local plants and animals :
There are several evolutionary prospects in distribution of plants and animals, local animals sometimes migrate when climate changes thus ensuring their survival, several species birds travel thousands of miles when season changes, similarly some kinds are plants are very much local to ever green forests while others are strictly local to deserts, the different nature of soil, local weather conditions that existed from millions of years made these plants very much local ones and they cannot really survive in other regions, Neem tree can grow almost in any part of India but cannot manage to survive outside south Asia,
Is this topic Formula for Density hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion to local plants and animals :
Today several outside varieties of plants and animals are localized and plants are able to survive even in different weather and climate zones, many research centers have made researches and introduced plants and animals into different parts of world, few managed to survive the local weather others did not survive, modifications in genetic make up have resulted in global distribution of animals possible, so now which one is local and foreign is very difficult to identify.
Pituitary Growth Hormone Secretion
Introduction to pituitary growth hormone secretion:
Pituitary gland resides in the brain. It has size of Pea. Pituitary gland is also an endocrine gland. It is present at the bottom of hypothalamus at the base of the brain. Pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus through pituitary stalk. it is also known as the master gland of the body. Pituitary gland secretes hormones, and this phenomenon is known as pituitary growth hormone secretion. The pituitary growth hormone secretion is very important for controlling the body function like in controlling blood pressure, production of breast milk, in proper function of thyroid gland and in temperature regulation.Having problem with Energy of Light keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Pitutary gland growth hormone:
Pituitary gland growth hormone is a polypeptide protein based hormone. Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate growth and reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. The poly peptide chain is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide hormone. This is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells in the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin describes to the pituitary gland growth hormone produced native and naturally in animals. The pituitary gland secretes various growth hormones like a ACTH, TSH, PRL, also known as 'Luteotropic' hormone LTH, FSH.
Is this topic Moment of Inertia Problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Function of pituitary gland growth hormone:
Pituitary gland growth hormones increases retention of calcium, and strengthen the bone and increase their mineralization.
Pituitary gland growth hormones increases muscle mass through secretion of sarcomere hyperplasia
Pituitary gland growth hormones promotes the liplysis
Pituitary gland growth hormones increase protien synthesis, which is helpful in growth of the body.
Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain mostly in infants.
Pituitary gland growth hormones play a role in fuel homeostasis. Therefore maintain the temperature of the body.
Pituitary gland growth hormones reduces liver uptake of glucose.
Pituitary gland growth hormones promote the gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Pituitary gland growth hormones contributes to the maintenance and function of pancreatic islets
Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate the immune system. Therefore prevent against the diseases by fighting with them.
Pituitary gland resides in the brain. It has size of Pea. Pituitary gland is also an endocrine gland. It is present at the bottom of hypothalamus at the base of the brain. Pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus through pituitary stalk. it is also known as the master gland of the body. Pituitary gland secretes hormones, and this phenomenon is known as pituitary growth hormone secretion. The pituitary growth hormone secretion is very important for controlling the body function like in controlling blood pressure, production of breast milk, in proper function of thyroid gland and in temperature regulation.Having problem with Energy of Light keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Pitutary gland growth hormone:
Pituitary gland growth hormone is a polypeptide protein based hormone. Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate growth and reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. The poly peptide chain is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide hormone. This is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells in the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin describes to the pituitary gland growth hormone produced native and naturally in animals. The pituitary gland secretes various growth hormones like a ACTH, TSH, PRL, also known as 'Luteotropic' hormone LTH, FSH.
Is this topic Moment of Inertia Problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Function of pituitary gland growth hormone:
Pituitary gland growth hormones increases retention of calcium, and strengthen the bone and increase their mineralization.
Pituitary gland growth hormones increases muscle mass through secretion of sarcomere hyperplasia
Pituitary gland growth hormones promotes the liplysis
Pituitary gland growth hormones increase protien synthesis, which is helpful in growth of the body.
Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain mostly in infants.
Pituitary gland growth hormones play a role in fuel homeostasis. Therefore maintain the temperature of the body.
Pituitary gland growth hormones reduces liver uptake of glucose.
Pituitary gland growth hormones promote the gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Pituitary gland growth hormones contributes to the maintenance and function of pancreatic islets
Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate the immune system. Therefore prevent against the diseases by fighting with them.
Rutherford Alpha Particle
Introduction to Rutherford Alpha Particle
The Phenomenon of radiation has puzzled scientists for decades. The study of radiation gave the scientists an insight into the otherwise abstruse inner structure of the atom.Lord Ernest Rutherford was one such practical physicist who was heading the search into the then unknown atom.
Before Rutherford's heroics with the alpha particle, Lea Thomson had promulgated the idea of "PLUM CAKE" Model in which atom is considered as a positive charged ball in which there are negative charges placed. Having problem with Specific Heat Ratio keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Ruherford's Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment:
In a highly practical experiment, Rutherford designed a mechanism to bombard a very thin gold foil with high speed Alpha Particles. Assuming the accepted atomic models, a majority of the alpha particles were to collide with the gold atoms and get scattered. But the results seemed confound everyone.
Instead of going and hitting the gold atoms, almost all the alpha particles went straight through and hit the flouroscent screen beyond the gold foil. A very small portion though had either been reflected back or scattered by an angle as if they hit a massive particle.
It was as if "Shells had been fired at a thin curtain and some bounced back, while most went through."
Looking out for more help on Projectile Motion Physics Problems in physics by visiting listed websites.
Rutherford Aloha Particle Scattering Interpretation- Planetary Model of the Atom
The results of this experiments led to the development of a new model of the atom called the "Planetary Model".
Accordingly the entire positive charge consisting of massive protons is concerntrated in the nucleus, which is at the centre of the atom and is highly dense. It contributes to almost the entire mass of the atoms. The extremely light electrons on the other hand revolve arond this nucleus following circular paths called orbits in empty space sourrounding the atom.
This was the first model that actully resembled the present day accpted model of the atom. Rutherford's experiment later led to the Bohr Model (named for Neils Bohr) and later the modern wave-mechanical model of the atom.
The Phenomenon of radiation has puzzled scientists for decades. The study of radiation gave the scientists an insight into the otherwise abstruse inner structure of the atom.Lord Ernest Rutherford was one such practical physicist who was heading the search into the then unknown atom.
Before Rutherford's heroics with the alpha particle, Lea Thomson had promulgated the idea of "PLUM CAKE" Model in which atom is considered as a positive charged ball in which there are negative charges placed. Having problem with Specific Heat Ratio keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Ruherford's Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment:
In a highly practical experiment, Rutherford designed a mechanism to bombard a very thin gold foil with high speed Alpha Particles. Assuming the accepted atomic models, a majority of the alpha particles were to collide with the gold atoms and get scattered. But the results seemed confound everyone.
Instead of going and hitting the gold atoms, almost all the alpha particles went straight through and hit the flouroscent screen beyond the gold foil. A very small portion though had either been reflected back or scattered by an angle as if they hit a massive particle.
It was as if "Shells had been fired at a thin curtain and some bounced back, while most went through."
Looking out for more help on Projectile Motion Physics Problems in physics by visiting listed websites.
Rutherford Aloha Particle Scattering Interpretation- Planetary Model of the Atom
The results of this experiments led to the development of a new model of the atom called the "Planetary Model".
Accordingly the entire positive charge consisting of massive protons is concerntrated in the nucleus, which is at the centre of the atom and is highly dense. It contributes to almost the entire mass of the atoms. The extremely light electrons on the other hand revolve arond this nucleus following circular paths called orbits in empty space sourrounding the atom.
This was the first model that actully resembled the present day accpted model of the atom. Rutherford's experiment later led to the Bohr Model (named for Neils Bohr) and later the modern wave-mechanical model of the atom.
What are the Symptoms for Influenza
Introduction on what are the symptoms for influenza:
Influenza is commonly called flu.it is an international disease and caused by influenza virus(myxovirus influenza).
Please express your views of this topic What is the Unit for Force by commenting on blog.
Types of Influenza:
There exits three types of influenza viruses- A, B and C. A and B types of influenza viruses are important because these are responsible for epidemics and disease through out the world. The inhaled virus attacks the epithelial cells in the mucous membrane of nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Influenza is spread mainly from person to person contact and by droplet infection via sneezing, coughing or talking. The common symptoms of influenza disease are sudden onset of chills, discharge from the nose, sneezing, fever ,headache, muscular pain, coughing, inflammation of respiratory mucosa and general weakness. fever last three days in adults. Three types of influenza viruses are: influenza A, influenza B, influenza C.
Causes and symptoms of Influenza:
Influenza is a infectious disease caused by RNA virus, it also effects birds and mammals. most frequent symptoms are fever and cough. Influenza also causes pnemonia, that is fatal mostly found in young age. it sometimes get confused with other influenza like illness mostly the common cold. Influenza may also cause vomiting, mostly in children. it may also cause stomach flu. Influenza may be transmitted by air through sneezes or coughs. It may also transmitted directly by contact with birds droppings.
The most common symptoms of influenza are:
(1) weakness
(2) fatigue
(3) muscle ache
(4) headache
(5) fever(101 to 102 degrees)
(6) sneezing
(6) running nose
Is this topic Equation for Projectile Motion hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Influenza Control and prevention:
Prevention: we should try to keep away from flu patients.In muscles, vaccination are injected. some people may have reaction to the vaccine done for influenza. eggs are used to prepare vaccine for influenza. therefore, peoples who have allergy with eggs must inform to there doctors before taking vaccine for influenza.
Control: there no effective control from influenza. However, vaccines are used for the control of infection and antiviral drugs are used for cure. Amantadine and Rimantidine are recommended for the treatment of influenza. Rest hastens the recovery.
Influenza is commonly called flu.it is an international disease and caused by influenza virus(myxovirus influenza).
Please express your views of this topic What is the Unit for Force by commenting on blog.
Types of Influenza:
There exits three types of influenza viruses- A, B and C. A and B types of influenza viruses are important because these are responsible for epidemics and disease through out the world. The inhaled virus attacks the epithelial cells in the mucous membrane of nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Influenza is spread mainly from person to person contact and by droplet infection via sneezing, coughing or talking. The common symptoms of influenza disease are sudden onset of chills, discharge from the nose, sneezing, fever ,headache, muscular pain, coughing, inflammation of respiratory mucosa and general weakness. fever last three days in adults. Three types of influenza viruses are: influenza A, influenza B, influenza C.
Causes and symptoms of Influenza:
Influenza is a infectious disease caused by RNA virus, it also effects birds and mammals. most frequent symptoms are fever and cough. Influenza also causes pnemonia, that is fatal mostly found in young age. it sometimes get confused with other influenza like illness mostly the common cold. Influenza may also cause vomiting, mostly in children. it may also cause stomach flu. Influenza may be transmitted by air through sneezes or coughs. It may also transmitted directly by contact with birds droppings.
The most common symptoms of influenza are:
(1) weakness
(2) fatigue
(3) muscle ache
(4) headache
(5) fever(101 to 102 degrees)
(6) sneezing
(6) running nose
Is this topic Equation for Projectile Motion hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Influenza Control and prevention:
Prevention: we should try to keep away from flu patients.In muscles, vaccination are injected. some people may have reaction to the vaccine done for influenza. eggs are used to prepare vaccine for influenza. therefore, peoples who have allergy with eggs must inform to there doctors before taking vaccine for influenza.
Control: there no effective control from influenza. However, vaccines are used for the control of infection and antiviral drugs are used for cure. Amantadine and Rimantidine are recommended for the treatment of influenza. Rest hastens the recovery.
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