Introduction to Modern Semiconductor Device
Electronic devices, diodes, transistors .. etc are made form semiconductors.The group of closely lying energy levels corresponding to an orbital is called an energy band. The band that contains valence electrons or the highest completely filled band or partially filled band of a solid is called valence band.The lowest unfilled or empty band of a solid is called conduction band. The energy gap between the valence and conduction bands i.e., the difference between the lowest energy of the conduction band and the highest energy of the valence band is called forbidden band or forbidden gap or energy gap. If the conduction and valence bands overlap , the solid is called conductor. If the conduction and valence bands are separated by an energy gap of greater than 5 eV or the forbidden band width is greater than 5 eV, the solid is an insulator. If the forbidden band width is about 1 eV, the solid is a semiconductor. A pure semiconductor is called intrinsic semiconductor. Wen a semiconductor contains an impurity then the semiconductor is called an extrinsic semiconductor. It increases the conductivity of a semiconductor.Adding an impurity to a semiconductor is called doping. Extrinsic semiconductors are of two types (i) n - type semiconductor and (ii) p - type semiconductor.
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Modern Semiconductor devices
Diode : Diode is a device with two electrodes. A p-n junction diode is a two terminal device made up of a semiconductor crystal. It has two terminals which act as electrodes. A diode is said to be forward - biased, when the p-side of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and the n-side of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. A diode is said to be reverse - biased , when the p-side of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of a battery and the n-side of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.
Rectifier: Rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (ac) to direct current (dc). In a half wave rectifier, the output current which is dc flows for only half of the input ac. The maximum efficiency of a half wave rectifier is 40.6%. In a full wave rectifier, the output current which is dc flows during both the halves of the input ac. The maximum efficiency of a full wave rectifier is 81.2%.
Zener diode : Zener diode is a special type of diode that allows current in the forward direction lika a p - n junction diode but also in the reverse direction fi the voltage is larger than the rated break down voltage or Zener voltage without any damage. Zener diode is used as a voltage regulator.
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Modern Semiconductor devices (continued)
Transistor : A transistor is a three terminal device . Its three parts are (1)emitter(E), (ii) base (B) and (iii) collector (C). The emitter of a transistor is heavily doped and is of intermediate size. The base of a transistor is least doped and is of least size. The collector of a transistor is of intermediate doping level and is of largest size. The two types of a transistor are (i) n - p -n transistor and (ii) p - n - p transistor. The three configurations of a transistor are (i) common - emitter (CE) configuration, (ii) common - base (CB) configuration and (III) common -collector (CC) configuration. A transistor is used as an amplifier.
logic gate : A logic gate is an electronic circuit which performs a particular logical function. Logic gates are of different types depending upon the logical function performed by the gate. The different types are (i) AND gate, (ii) OR gate , (iii) NOT gate , (iv) NOR gate and (v) NAND gate.
Monday, June 10, 2013
Byproducts of Coal Burning
Introduction to by products of coal burning
Coal is an extremely important fuel and will always remain so. About 23% of primary energy needs are met by coal and 39% of electricity generation takes place from coal. Nearly 70% of world steel production depends on coal feedstock. Coal is the world's most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel source. The International Energy Agency expects a 43% increase in its use from 2000 to 2020.
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Coal burning produces many by products some of which are useful and others harmful as mentioned:
Carbon dioxide
Burning coal produces about 9 billion tones of carbon dioxide each year which is released to the atmosphere, about 70% of this being used for power generation. The copious amounts of carbon dioxide that coal fired power stations push into the air – far greater amounts per unit of electrical energy than any other form of electrical generation. However, the coal pollution is not limited to carbon dioxide, which warms up our planet. There are other dangerous by products of coal burning.
Of course the actual types of by product depend on the nature and quality of the coal that is burnt, and its energy content
By products of coal burning : Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide , Soot
Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
Most coal burning releases nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Both chemicals make acid rain, which in turn is making the oceans more acidic. It is indicative of the energy companies’ attitude to pollution that although it has been possible to reduce the emissions of sulphur dioxide from coal by 90% for many years, it has taken a European Union Directive about air quality to force the installation of Flue Gas Desulphurisation at Aberthaw Power Station in South Wales.
Soot
All coal burning releases soot. Many people die from inhaling soot each year – the United Nations place the figure at 40,000.Hence, soot is very harmful to humans if taken in at large amounts.
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By products of coal burning : Ash and clinker , Mercury
Ash and clinker
All coal burning creates ash and clinker. The ash often contains traces of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead mercury and arsenic. The electricity generators simply dump the ash and clinker, burying it in landfill. The ash and clinker has about as much use as those slag heaps, now largely grassed over, that surrounded coal mines – both ugly and dangerous. It has no use, so it is dumped.
Mercury
Most coal burning release mercury into the atmosphere. Some species of fish are very good at absorbing mercury and that makes eating those species dangerous for the very young and for pregnant women, as I have explained elsewhere on these posts.
Of course in release these and other by products, the power station operators are simply trying to maximise their profits from power generation because environmentally friendly expenses stand in their way of profits. They sell their electricity to us, and virtually all of us are more interested in buying the product as cheaply as we can, regardless of the environmental consequences.
Coal is an extremely important fuel and will always remain so. About 23% of primary energy needs are met by coal and 39% of electricity generation takes place from coal. Nearly 70% of world steel production depends on coal feedstock. Coal is the world's most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel source. The International Energy Agency expects a 43% increase in its use from 2000 to 2020.
I like to share this specific heat air with you all through my article.
Coal burning produces many by products some of which are useful and others harmful as mentioned:
Carbon dioxide
Burning coal produces about 9 billion tones of carbon dioxide each year which is released to the atmosphere, about 70% of this being used for power generation. The copious amounts of carbon dioxide that coal fired power stations push into the air – far greater amounts per unit of electrical energy than any other form of electrical generation. However, the coal pollution is not limited to carbon dioxide, which warms up our planet. There are other dangerous by products of coal burning.
Of course the actual types of by product depend on the nature and quality of the coal that is burnt, and its energy content
By products of coal burning : Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide , Soot
Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
Most coal burning releases nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Both chemicals make acid rain, which in turn is making the oceans more acidic. It is indicative of the energy companies’ attitude to pollution that although it has been possible to reduce the emissions of sulphur dioxide from coal by 90% for many years, it has taken a European Union Directive about air quality to force the installation of Flue Gas Desulphurisation at Aberthaw Power Station in South Wales.
Soot
All coal burning releases soot. Many people die from inhaling soot each year – the United Nations place the figure at 40,000.Hence, soot is very harmful to humans if taken in at large amounts.
Is this topic angular velocity equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
By products of coal burning : Ash and clinker , Mercury
Ash and clinker
All coal burning creates ash and clinker. The ash often contains traces of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead mercury and arsenic. The electricity generators simply dump the ash and clinker, burying it in landfill. The ash and clinker has about as much use as those slag heaps, now largely grassed over, that surrounded coal mines – both ugly and dangerous. It has no use, so it is dumped.
Mercury
Most coal burning release mercury into the atmosphere. Some species of fish are very good at absorbing mercury and that makes eating those species dangerous for the very young and for pregnant women, as I have explained elsewhere on these posts.
Of course in release these and other by products, the power station operators are simply trying to maximise their profits from power generation because environmentally friendly expenses stand in their way of profits. They sell their electricity to us, and virtually all of us are more interested in buying the product as cheaply as we can, regardless of the environmental consequences.
Study Definition of E
Introduction to study definition of e:
The charge is the inherent property of the matter. As the two substances rubbed with each other some of the electrons are transferred to one body to the another. The body, which gains the electrons, have positive charge and the other which lose the electrons get the negative charge. The charge of an electron is the elementary charge and denoted by the e. We cannot reduce the charge as one third of electron or any other quantity, because the charge of an electron is elementary.
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Study definition of e:
The electric charge is the basic property of the matter due to which the electrostatic force comes into play. The charges are of the two types: positive and negative charge. The S.I. unit of charge is coulomb and the other units are esu, emu, stat coulomb etc. The electric charge is conserved and quantized. The electric charge does not depend on the velocity of that charged particle if it is moving. The experimental value of the elementary charge e is 1.602176487 × 10-19 Coulomb in S.I. units and in CGS units the value of the elementary charge is 4.80320427 × 10-10 stat coulomb. For the sake of the convenience, the charge of the electron is considered as -1 and the charge of the proton is + 1. In the terms of the Avogadro constant and the Faraday constant the elementary charge is the ratio of the Faraday’s constant and the Avogadro’s constant.
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Experimental measurements of the elementary charge:
We can find the value of the elementary charge by the Millikan’s oil drop experiment. In the experiment a small drop of a oil falls in the electric field. The force of gravity and the viscosity be deducted by the electric field force and to get the value of the elementary charge. We can produce the electric charge on any material by rubbing it with another material; this is known by the conduction. The other method is called the induction in which the charge is induced on the body by the charge of the another body. In case of induction, the charges on the two bodies are of opposite nature but in the conduction, the charge is of the same nature.
The charge is the inherent property of the matter. As the two substances rubbed with each other some of the electrons are transferred to one body to the another. The body, which gains the electrons, have positive charge and the other which lose the electrons get the negative charge. The charge of an electron is the elementary charge and denoted by the e. We cannot reduce the charge as one third of electron or any other quantity, because the charge of an electron is elementary.
Please express your views of this topic ratio of specific heats by commenting on blog.
Study definition of e:
The electric charge is the basic property of the matter due to which the electrostatic force comes into play. The charges are of the two types: positive and negative charge. The S.I. unit of charge is coulomb and the other units are esu, emu, stat coulomb etc. The electric charge is conserved and quantized. The electric charge does not depend on the velocity of that charged particle if it is moving. The experimental value of the elementary charge e is 1.602176487 × 10-19 Coulomb in S.I. units and in CGS units the value of the elementary charge is 4.80320427 × 10-10 stat coulomb. For the sake of the convenience, the charge of the electron is considered as -1 and the charge of the proton is + 1. In the terms of the Avogadro constant and the Faraday constant the elementary charge is the ratio of the Faraday’s constant and the Avogadro’s constant.
Having problem with electrical problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Experimental measurements of the elementary charge:
We can find the value of the elementary charge by the Millikan’s oil drop experiment. In the experiment a small drop of a oil falls in the electric field. The force of gravity and the viscosity be deducted by the electric field force and to get the value of the elementary charge. We can produce the electric charge on any material by rubbing it with another material; this is known by the conduction. The other method is called the induction in which the charge is induced on the body by the charge of the another body. In case of induction, the charges on the two bodies are of opposite nature but in the conduction, the charge is of the same nature.
Unified Field Theory for Dummies
Physics, a unified field theory is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a single field. There is no accepted unified field theory. It remains an open line of research. The term was coined by Einstein who attempted to unify the general theory of relativity with electromagnetism, hoping to recover an approximation for quantum theory. A "theory of everything" is closely related to unified field theory, but differs by not requiring the basis of nature to be fields, and also attempts to explain all physical constants of nature.
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This article describes unified field theory as it is currently understood in connection with quantum theory. Earlier attempts based on classical physics are described in the article on classical unified field theories.
There may be no a prior reason why the correct description of nature has to be a unified field theory; however, this goal has led to a great deal of progress in modern theoretical physics and continues to motivate research. Unified field theory is only one possible approach to unification of physics
The first successful (classical) unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents. Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previous separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism. Later, in his theory of special relativity, Albert Einstein was able to explain the unity of electricity and magnetism as a consequence of the unification of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime.
In 1921 Theodor Kaluza extended General Relativity to five dimensions and in 1926 Oscar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up (or compactified) into a small, unobserved circle. This was dubbed Kaluza-Klein theory. It was quickly noticed that this extra spatial direction gave rise to an additional force similar to electricity and magnetism. This was pursued as the basis for some of Albert Einstein's later unsuccessful attempts at a unified field theory. Einstein and others pursued various non-quantum approaches to unifying these forces; however as quantum theory became generally accepted as fundamental, most physicists came to view all such theories as doomed to failure.
I am planning to write more post on Change in Internal Energy, Ohm's Law Formula. Keep checking my blog.
This article describes unified field theory as it is currently understood in connection with quantum theory. Earlier attempts based on classical physics are described in the article on classical unified field theories.
There may be no a prior reason why the correct description of nature has to be a unified field theory; however, this goal has led to a great deal of progress in modern theoretical physics and continues to motivate research. Unified field theory is only one possible approach to unification of physics
The first successful (classical) unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents. Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previous separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism. Later, in his theory of special relativity, Albert Einstein was able to explain the unity of electricity and magnetism as a consequence of the unification of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime.
In 1921 Theodor Kaluza extended General Relativity to five dimensions and in 1926 Oscar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up (or compactified) into a small, unobserved circle. This was dubbed Kaluza-Klein theory. It was quickly noticed that this extra spatial direction gave rise to an additional force similar to electricity and magnetism. This was pursued as the basis for some of Albert Einstein's later unsuccessful attempts at a unified field theory. Einstein and others pursued various non-quantum approaches to unifying these forces; however as quantum theory became generally accepted as fundamental, most physicists came to view all such theories as doomed to failure.
Friday, June 7, 2013
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Science
Introduction to hydrogen fuel cell science:
The first fuel was conceived by a Welsh judge, inventor Sir William Robert in 1839. In the occurrence of an electrolyte, he mixed hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water. Later on, this invention was known as fuel cell but it didn’t produce enough electricity which is to be used.
Afterwards, in 1889, Ludwig Mond coined the term ‘fuel’ who attempted building a functioning fuel cell with air and industrial coal gas.
Functioning of hydrogen fuel cell:
Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity quickly and efficiently, without pollution.
A fuel cell is a conversion device of electrochemical energy. It converts the chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen into water. In the whole process, it produces electricity. When we use fuel cell, chemicals flow constantly into the cell so it never goes dead. As the chemicals flow in cell, electricity flows out of the cell. Most of the fuel cell use hydrogen and oxygen as chemicals.
Types of fuel cells in addition to hydrogen fuel cell:
The fuel cell has the competition with various energy conversion devices which includes the gas turbine in our city’s power plant, the gasoline engine in our car and the most important the battery in our laptops. A fuel cell gives a direct current voltage that is used to power motors, lights and any number of electrical appliances. There are many types of fuel cells, each use different chemistry. For example, polymer exchange membrane fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, and molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, and direct methanol fuel cell, etc.
Efficiency of hydrogen fuel cell:
The primary goal of fuel cell is the pollution reduction. Fuel cell has capability to be up to 80% efficient, if it is powered with pure hydrogen. It means it converts 80% of the hydrogen energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is changed into mechanical work by electric motor and inverter.
Disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells:
Most of the fuel cell components are very expensive.
In general, fuel cells are slightly bigger than other batteries and engines.
The refueling and starting time of this cell vehicles are very longer.
This technology is not fully generated.
The first fuel was conceived by a Welsh judge, inventor Sir William Robert in 1839. In the occurrence of an electrolyte, he mixed hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water. Later on, this invention was known as fuel cell but it didn’t produce enough electricity which is to be used.
Afterwards, in 1889, Ludwig Mond coined the term ‘fuel’ who attempted building a functioning fuel cell with air and industrial coal gas.
Functioning of hydrogen fuel cell:
Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity quickly and efficiently, without pollution.
A fuel cell is a conversion device of electrochemical energy. It converts the chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen into water. In the whole process, it produces electricity. When we use fuel cell, chemicals flow constantly into the cell so it never goes dead. As the chemicals flow in cell, electricity flows out of the cell. Most of the fuel cell use hydrogen and oxygen as chemicals.
Types of fuel cells in addition to hydrogen fuel cell:
The fuel cell has the competition with various energy conversion devices which includes the gas turbine in our city’s power plant, the gasoline engine in our car and the most important the battery in our laptops. A fuel cell gives a direct current voltage that is used to power motors, lights and any number of electrical appliances. There are many types of fuel cells, each use different chemistry. For example, polymer exchange membrane fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, and molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, and direct methanol fuel cell, etc.
Efficiency of hydrogen fuel cell:
The primary goal of fuel cell is the pollution reduction. Fuel cell has capability to be up to 80% efficient, if it is powered with pure hydrogen. It means it converts 80% of the hydrogen energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is changed into mechanical work by electric motor and inverter.
Disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells:
Most of the fuel cell components are very expensive.
In general, fuel cells are slightly bigger than other batteries and engines.
The refueling and starting time of this cell vehicles are very longer.
This technology is not fully generated.
Thursday, June 6, 2013
Science Definition of Matter
Introduction to science definition of matter:
If we hold a glass sheet in our hand and look at it, the sheet appears to be a continuous one. In case it falls due to accident or by our negligence, what will happen? It will immediately break in to very small or tiny pieces. What does it show? The fine pieces of glass indicate that the sheet is made up of particles. In fact, every matter is made up of certain particles which differ in shape, size and nature from other type of matter.
Understanding What is Displacement in Physics is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Important characteristics of nature of matter
The important characteristics of the particulate nature of matter may be summed up as follows:
Every matter is made up of particles.
The particles constituting a matter are very small in size.
The particles have empty or vacant spaces in them known as inter particle spaces.
Particles are not stationary and are in a state of motion.
Attractive forces are present in the particles of a substance. These are called inter particle forces.
The particle motion increases with the rise in temperature.
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Explanation to science definition of matter
Hence, Anything or everything which occupies space and has mass, is known as matter. According to ancient Greeks and Indian Philosophers, matter is made from five constituents namely air, earth, water, fire and sky. Matter has two ways of classification. These are physical and chemical classification. Matter is made up of particles which are characterized by shape, size and mass. Inter particle spaces are present in all types of matter. Their size and number can vary from one matter to the other. Matter is always seen as an aggregate of small or tiny particles which cannot be seen individually by naked eye. Particles present in a matter are in a state of motion. It is least in the solid state and maximum in the gaseous state. Inter particle attraction depends on the physical state of the matter. Particle motion generally increases with the rise in temperature. Thus,Matter has many definitions, but the most common is that it is any substance which has mass and occupies space. All physical objects are composed of matter, in the form of atoms, which are in turn composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
If we hold a glass sheet in our hand and look at it, the sheet appears to be a continuous one. In case it falls due to accident or by our negligence, what will happen? It will immediately break in to very small or tiny pieces. What does it show? The fine pieces of glass indicate that the sheet is made up of particles. In fact, every matter is made up of certain particles which differ in shape, size and nature from other type of matter.
Understanding What is Displacement in Physics is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Important characteristics of nature of matter
The important characteristics of the particulate nature of matter may be summed up as follows:
Every matter is made up of particles.
The particles constituting a matter are very small in size.
The particles have empty or vacant spaces in them known as inter particle spaces.
Particles are not stationary and are in a state of motion.
Attractive forces are present in the particles of a substance. These are called inter particle forces.
The particle motion increases with the rise in temperature.
Is this topic Equation for Work hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Explanation to science definition of matter
Hence, Anything or everything which occupies space and has mass, is known as matter. According to ancient Greeks and Indian Philosophers, matter is made from five constituents namely air, earth, water, fire and sky. Matter has two ways of classification. These are physical and chemical classification. Matter is made up of particles which are characterized by shape, size and mass. Inter particle spaces are present in all types of matter. Their size and number can vary from one matter to the other. Matter is always seen as an aggregate of small or tiny particles which cannot be seen individually by naked eye. Particles present in a matter are in a state of motion. It is least in the solid state and maximum in the gaseous state. Inter particle attraction depends on the physical state of the matter. Particle motion generally increases with the rise in temperature. Thus,Matter has many definitions, but the most common is that it is any substance which has mass and occupies space. All physical objects are composed of matter, in the form of atoms, which are in turn composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Prepare Saturated Solution
Introduction of Prepare saturated solution:
When a solute is added in to the solvent a solution is prepare. A more amount is solute is added in to this solution, it will dissolve. After continuously added solute in to the solution, a stage is come at which no more amount of solute is added, and we prepare saturated solution. Saturated solution is that solution in which no more amount of solute are added under normal condition of temperature and pressure. Unsaturated solution is that solution in which more amount of solute can be added to prepare a saturated solution under normal condition of temperature and pressure.
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Properties of prepare saturated solution:
A saturated solution dissolves only a limited amount of solute.
More amount of solute can be added to a saturated solution on increasing the temperature of solution. It means a prepare saturated solution converts into the unsaturated one on increasing the temperature. After some period of time, dissolved solute of prepares saturated solution crystallize.
A prepare saturated solution gives the idea about the solubility of the dissolved solute in a particular solvent under normal condition of temperature and pressure.
Dissolved solute of a prepare saturated solution precipitate under shearing conditions.
A saturated solution is highly viscous in nature and has very high surface tension.
Preparation of saturated solutions:
Sugar’s saturated solution:
To prepare saturated solution dissolves, sugar in water, take the 100 ml of water to a beaker. To this beaker, add the 1 g of sugar. And mix the solution continuously. This gives a sugar solution. To this sugar solution, further, add 1 g of sugar, and continuously stir it. Again add the more and more amount of sugar continuously to this and stir it, until no more sugar is dissolved. Filter this sugar solution. This gives a prepare saturated solution of sugar in water this saturated solution dissolves maximum amount of solute that it can be dissolved under normal condition of temperature and pressure. Count the total amount of sugar added to the 100 ml of water. And calculate the solubility of sugar in water under normal condition of temperature and pressure by dividing the total amount of sugar added to the total volume of water.
When a solute is added in to the solvent a solution is prepare. A more amount is solute is added in to this solution, it will dissolve. After continuously added solute in to the solution, a stage is come at which no more amount of solute is added, and we prepare saturated solution. Saturated solution is that solution in which no more amount of solute are added under normal condition of temperature and pressure. Unsaturated solution is that solution in which more amount of solute can be added to prepare a saturated solution under normal condition of temperature and pressure.
I am planning to write more post on Displacement Method, Physics Formulas. Keep checking my blog.
Properties of prepare saturated solution:
A saturated solution dissolves only a limited amount of solute.
More amount of solute can be added to a saturated solution on increasing the temperature of solution. It means a prepare saturated solution converts into the unsaturated one on increasing the temperature. After some period of time, dissolved solute of prepares saturated solution crystallize.
A prepare saturated solution gives the idea about the solubility of the dissolved solute in a particular solvent under normal condition of temperature and pressure.
Dissolved solute of a prepare saturated solution precipitate under shearing conditions.
A saturated solution is highly viscous in nature and has very high surface tension.
Preparation of saturated solutions:
Sugar’s saturated solution:
To prepare saturated solution dissolves, sugar in water, take the 100 ml of water to a beaker. To this beaker, add the 1 g of sugar. And mix the solution continuously. This gives a sugar solution. To this sugar solution, further, add 1 g of sugar, and continuously stir it. Again add the more and more amount of sugar continuously to this and stir it, until no more sugar is dissolved. Filter this sugar solution. This gives a prepare saturated solution of sugar in water this saturated solution dissolves maximum amount of solute that it can be dissolved under normal condition of temperature and pressure. Count the total amount of sugar added to the 100 ml of water. And calculate the solubility of sugar in water under normal condition of temperature and pressure by dividing the total amount of sugar added to the total volume of water.
Thermal Energy and States of Matter
Introduction to thermal energy and states of matter:
Matter available in three states – solids, liquids and gases. Gases differ from the others in that gases are not rigid and are highly compressible. Chemistry deals with the structure of matter and the changes which it takes, it is appropriate to know about “ Matter”.
Matter may be defined as ‘Anything which occupies space and has mass.’ Some examples of matter are water, air, plants etc. States of Matter is classified in two different ways.
Classification of states of matter
Physical classification of states of matter:
On the account of rigidity, volume and shape, matter is classified into solid, Liquid or gas. These are the states of matter,
Solids are rigid substances which have definite shape and definite volume.
Example: A piece of metal, a wooden box etc.
Liquids have definite volume but not has definite shape. They can take the shape of the containers in which they are placed.
Example: milk, fruit juice etc.
Gases have no definite shape and definite volume.
Example: nitrogen, air etc.
Plasma is the fourth state of matter, it contains gaseous ions and it available at very high temperature.
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Chemical Classification of states of matter:
On the account of chemical composition, matter can be classified as element, compound or mixture. These are the states of matter,
a) Elements:
These are the substances which cannot be further decomposed by ordinary chemical means. These are about 116 elements known so far, out of which nearly ninety(90) are naturally occurring elements, while the rest are prepared artificially by the nuclear process.
b) Compounds: These are the substances which can be decomposed into two or more simple substances by ordinary chemical method. A compound is formed by the combination of two or more elements. A compound must has a definite chemical composition. Examples: Water, Ethane, methane etc.
c) Mixtures: These are the substances which may be separated into their components by some physical methods. In a mixture, the elements retain their properties. Example; air, solution of water and salt etc.
Thermal energy
Due to the random movements of atoms and molecules, internal energy develops in a system, this part of the internal energy refers to Thermal energy. The excellent source of thermal energy available to all living organisms is the sun, the sun’s thermal energy is increased by the nuclear fusion in the sun. In the form of radiation thermal energy emitted by the sun, it is called Heat. Thermal energy is the form of kinetic energy, which is produced by the random movements of molecules in matter. Thermal energy may be increased or decreased.
Matter available in three states – solids, liquids and gases. Gases differ from the others in that gases are not rigid and are highly compressible. Chemistry deals with the structure of matter and the changes which it takes, it is appropriate to know about “ Matter”.
Matter may be defined as ‘Anything which occupies space and has mass.’ Some examples of matter are water, air, plants etc. States of Matter is classified in two different ways.
Classification of states of matter
Physical classification of states of matter:
On the account of rigidity, volume and shape, matter is classified into solid, Liquid or gas. These are the states of matter,
Solids are rigid substances which have definite shape and definite volume.
Example: A piece of metal, a wooden box etc.
Liquids have definite volume but not has definite shape. They can take the shape of the containers in which they are placed.
Example: milk, fruit juice etc.
Gases have no definite shape and definite volume.
Example: nitrogen, air etc.
Plasma is the fourth state of matter, it contains gaseous ions and it available at very high temperature.
Please express your views of this topic Elastic Potential Energy Equation by commenting on blog.
Chemical Classification of states of matter:
On the account of chemical composition, matter can be classified as element, compound or mixture. These are the states of matter,
a) Elements:
These are the substances which cannot be further decomposed by ordinary chemical means. These are about 116 elements known so far, out of which nearly ninety(90) are naturally occurring elements, while the rest are prepared artificially by the nuclear process.
b) Compounds: These are the substances which can be decomposed into two or more simple substances by ordinary chemical method. A compound is formed by the combination of two or more elements. A compound must has a definite chemical composition. Examples: Water, Ethane, methane etc.
c) Mixtures: These are the substances which may be separated into their components by some physical methods. In a mixture, the elements retain their properties. Example; air, solution of water and salt etc.
Thermal energy
Due to the random movements of atoms and molecules, internal energy develops in a system, this part of the internal energy refers to Thermal energy. The excellent source of thermal energy available to all living organisms is the sun, the sun’s thermal energy is increased by the nuclear fusion in the sun. In the form of radiation thermal energy emitted by the sun, it is called Heat. Thermal energy is the form of kinetic energy, which is produced by the random movements of molecules in matter. Thermal energy may be increased or decreased.
Tuesday, June 4, 2013
What is Thiamine Deficiency
Introduction to thiamine deficiency diseases:
The other name of Vitamin B1 is thiamine and it is part of water-soluble vitamin B complex family. Only in 1890s, the Dutch medical officers Eijkman and Grins, working in Java, identified the commonalities of polyneuritis in birds and the disease beriberi in humans. On experimenting, it was found that this disease was caused due to deficiency in vitamin B1.Let us discuss more on thiamine deficiency diseases.
More facts on thiamine deficiency diseases:
The thiamine molecule similar to other B-complex vitamins is soluble in water, white crystalline solid. Thiamine is considered stable enough either in its crystallized state or in an acid solution or even when it is heated. When put in a neutral or alkaline solution thiamine displays instability, which makes it sensitive to heat, oxygen and ultraviolet light.
In infants, thiamine deficiency causes diseases like infantile beriberi thus producing edema, irritability, abdominal pain, pallor, vomiting, loss of voice and, possibly, seizures. While wet beriberi causes severe edema, which originates in the legs and goes to upper body, dry beriberi results in multiple neurologic symptoms and an emaciated appearance. Cardiomegaly, palpitations, tachycardia, dyspnea, and circulatory collapse are also rooted to thiamine deficiency. However, constipation and indigestion are common; ataxia, nystagmus, and ophthalmoplegia can also occur.
Lack of thiamine deficiency (mild in nature):
Tiredness
Irritability
Disturbance of sleep
Beriberi is a symptom for more severe thiamine deficiency;
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is yet another condition caused due to severe thiamine deficiency and alcoholism
Thiamine deficiency diseases and consequences in various parts of the body:
Heart and blood vessels- Heart is enlarged, might fail to work and increases circulating blood volume.
Nervous system – This deficiency causes Polyneuritis. This affects the autonomic, sensory and motor nerves.
Eye - Thiamine deficiency may be one of the reasons for nutritional amblyopia
Gastrointestinal tract – Vitamin B1 deficiency can cause constipation with abdominal distension and colicky pains with or without anorexia, nausea, vomiting.
Conclusion for thiamine deficiency diseases:
In order to reduce cases of thiamine deficiency diseases, it is important to not only consume good wholesome foods but also take extra supplements to balance the daily intakes.
The other name of Vitamin B1 is thiamine and it is part of water-soluble vitamin B complex family. Only in 1890s, the Dutch medical officers Eijkman and Grins, working in Java, identified the commonalities of polyneuritis in birds and the disease beriberi in humans. On experimenting, it was found that this disease was caused due to deficiency in vitamin B1.Let us discuss more on thiamine deficiency diseases.
More facts on thiamine deficiency diseases:
The thiamine molecule similar to other B-complex vitamins is soluble in water, white crystalline solid. Thiamine is considered stable enough either in its crystallized state or in an acid solution or even when it is heated. When put in a neutral or alkaline solution thiamine displays instability, which makes it sensitive to heat, oxygen and ultraviolet light.
In infants, thiamine deficiency causes diseases like infantile beriberi thus producing edema, irritability, abdominal pain, pallor, vomiting, loss of voice and, possibly, seizures. While wet beriberi causes severe edema, which originates in the legs and goes to upper body, dry beriberi results in multiple neurologic symptoms and an emaciated appearance. Cardiomegaly, palpitations, tachycardia, dyspnea, and circulatory collapse are also rooted to thiamine deficiency. However, constipation and indigestion are common; ataxia, nystagmus, and ophthalmoplegia can also occur.
Lack of thiamine deficiency (mild in nature):
Tiredness
Irritability
Disturbance of sleep
Beriberi is a symptom for more severe thiamine deficiency;
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is yet another condition caused due to severe thiamine deficiency and alcoholism
Thiamine deficiency diseases and consequences in various parts of the body:
Heart and blood vessels- Heart is enlarged, might fail to work and increases circulating blood volume.
Nervous system – This deficiency causes Polyneuritis. This affects the autonomic, sensory and motor nerves.
Eye - Thiamine deficiency may be one of the reasons for nutritional amblyopia
Gastrointestinal tract – Vitamin B1 deficiency can cause constipation with abdominal distension and colicky pains with or without anorexia, nausea, vomiting.
Conclusion for thiamine deficiency diseases:
In order to reduce cases of thiamine deficiency diseases, it is important to not only consume good wholesome foods but also take extra supplements to balance the daily intakes.
Monday, June 3, 2013
Endemic Plant Species
Introduction of Endemic plant species
A species is called endemic when it is found only in a partiular geographic location. This means that it is found only at one place and not anywhere else. For instance, lemur is an endemic species to Madagascar or Orange-breasted Sunbird to Fynbos. Physical, climatic conditions and biological factors play a role in endemic plant species. It is therefore a matter of prime importance to safeguard the species that are branded endemic since they are not just rare but also little in number as compared to the rest. Nevertheless, they play an important role in the ecological system and therefore their importance cannot be denied.
Types of endemic plant species
There are mainly two categories - paleoendemic plant species known as Paleoendemism and neoendemc plant species known as Neoendemism. Paleoendemism was widespread on earth but is restricted to a small area. Neoendemism are those that have recently arisen and become reproductively separated or hybridized and are now a separate species. This is a most common process in plants especially those that exhibit polyploidy.
Characterstics of endemic plant species
Endemic plant species typically develop on islands due to geographical isolation. This applies to largely distant island like Socotra or Hawaii. These are also present in areas that are biologically isolated like Ethiopian highlands, or extremely large water bodies such as Lake Baikal.
Endemic plant species are prone to become endangered and even extinct due to the limited habitat and human interference. One such example is Bermuda Petrels and "Bermuda cedars" By the end of the 17th century, the petrels were almost extinct. Cedars, was a discriminated as an endemic plant species by centuries of shipbuilding, they were driven nearly to an extinction in the 20th Century by the introduction of a new parasite. Both are very- very rare today.
A species is called endemic when it is found only in a partiular geographic location. This means that it is found only at one place and not anywhere else. For instance, lemur is an endemic species to Madagascar or Orange-breasted Sunbird to Fynbos. Physical, climatic conditions and biological factors play a role in endemic plant species. It is therefore a matter of prime importance to safeguard the species that are branded endemic since they are not just rare but also little in number as compared to the rest. Nevertheless, they play an important role in the ecological system and therefore their importance cannot be denied.
Types of endemic plant species
There are mainly two categories - paleoendemic plant species known as Paleoendemism and neoendemc plant species known as Neoendemism. Paleoendemism was widespread on earth but is restricted to a small area. Neoendemism are those that have recently arisen and become reproductively separated or hybridized and are now a separate species. This is a most common process in plants especially those that exhibit polyploidy.
Characterstics of endemic plant species
Endemic plant species typically develop on islands due to geographical isolation. This applies to largely distant island like Socotra or Hawaii. These are also present in areas that are biologically isolated like Ethiopian highlands, or extremely large water bodies such as Lake Baikal.
Endemic plant species are prone to become endangered and even extinct due to the limited habitat and human interference. One such example is Bermuda Petrels and "Bermuda cedars" By the end of the 17th century, the petrels were almost extinct. Cedars, was a discriminated as an endemic plant species by centuries of shipbuilding, they were driven nearly to an extinction in the 20th Century by the introduction of a new parasite. Both are very- very rare today.
Local Plants and Animals
Introduction to local plants and animals
Plant and animal distribution in world is very complicated thing and surely needs further research, the distribution of each and every species in world dint take place instantly it took millions of years to evolve and be what it is today, the simple example of different species of crow in India and Srilanka is a classic example of how complex the distribution process really is, the other example of presence of indigenous people in Nicobar islands is another example, few sub-species of humans just as few as 500 exist today, that show how diverse the distribution and flourishing of humans took place.
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Evolution Prospects of local plants and animals :
There are several evolutionary prospects in distribution of plants and animals, local animals sometimes migrate when climate changes thus ensuring their survival, several species birds travel thousands of miles when season changes, similarly some kinds are plants are very much local to ever green forests while others are strictly local to deserts, the different nature of soil, local weather conditions that existed from millions of years made these plants very much local ones and they cannot really survive in other regions, Neem tree can grow almost in any part of India but cannot manage to survive outside south Asia,
Is this topic Formula for Density hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion to local plants and animals :
Today several outside varieties of plants and animals are localized and plants are able to survive even in different weather and climate zones, many research centers have made researches and introduced plants and animals into different parts of world, few managed to survive the local weather others did not survive, modifications in genetic make up have resulted in global distribution of animals possible, so now which one is local and foreign is very difficult to identify.
Plant and animal distribution in world is very complicated thing and surely needs further research, the distribution of each and every species in world dint take place instantly it took millions of years to evolve and be what it is today, the simple example of different species of crow in India and Srilanka is a classic example of how complex the distribution process really is, the other example of presence of indigenous people in Nicobar islands is another example, few sub-species of humans just as few as 500 exist today, that show how diverse the distribution and flourishing of humans took place.
Please express your views of this topic Concepts of Modern Physics by commenting on blog.
Evolution Prospects of local plants and animals :
There are several evolutionary prospects in distribution of plants and animals, local animals sometimes migrate when climate changes thus ensuring their survival, several species birds travel thousands of miles when season changes, similarly some kinds are plants are very much local to ever green forests while others are strictly local to deserts, the different nature of soil, local weather conditions that existed from millions of years made these plants very much local ones and they cannot really survive in other regions, Neem tree can grow almost in any part of India but cannot manage to survive outside south Asia,
Is this topic Formula for Density hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion to local plants and animals :
Today several outside varieties of plants and animals are localized and plants are able to survive even in different weather and climate zones, many research centers have made researches and introduced plants and animals into different parts of world, few managed to survive the local weather others did not survive, modifications in genetic make up have resulted in global distribution of animals possible, so now which one is local and foreign is very difficult to identify.
Pituitary Growth Hormone Secretion
Introduction to pituitary growth hormone secretion:
Pituitary gland resides in the brain. It has size of Pea. Pituitary gland is also an endocrine gland. It is present at the bottom of hypothalamus at the base of the brain. Pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus through pituitary stalk. it is also known as the master gland of the body. Pituitary gland secretes hormones, and this phenomenon is known as pituitary growth hormone secretion. The pituitary growth hormone secretion is very important for controlling the body function like in controlling blood pressure, production of breast milk, in proper function of thyroid gland and in temperature regulation.Having problem with Energy of Light keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Pitutary gland growth hormone:
Pituitary gland growth hormone is a polypeptide protein based hormone. Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate growth and reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. The poly peptide chain is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide hormone. This is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells in the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin describes to the pituitary gland growth hormone produced native and naturally in animals. The pituitary gland secretes various growth hormones like a ACTH, TSH, PRL, also known as 'Luteotropic' hormone LTH, FSH.
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Function of pituitary gland growth hormone:
Pituitary gland growth hormones increases retention of calcium, and strengthen the bone and increase their mineralization.
Pituitary gland growth hormones increases muscle mass through secretion of sarcomere hyperplasia
Pituitary gland growth hormones promotes the liplysis
Pituitary gland growth hormones increase protien synthesis, which is helpful in growth of the body.
Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain mostly in infants.
Pituitary gland growth hormones play a role in fuel homeostasis. Therefore maintain the temperature of the body.
Pituitary gland growth hormones reduces liver uptake of glucose.
Pituitary gland growth hormones promote the gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Pituitary gland growth hormones contributes to the maintenance and function of pancreatic islets
Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate the immune system. Therefore prevent against the diseases by fighting with them.
Pituitary gland resides in the brain. It has size of Pea. Pituitary gland is also an endocrine gland. It is present at the bottom of hypothalamus at the base of the brain. Pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus through pituitary stalk. it is also known as the master gland of the body. Pituitary gland secretes hormones, and this phenomenon is known as pituitary growth hormone secretion. The pituitary growth hormone secretion is very important for controlling the body function like in controlling blood pressure, production of breast milk, in proper function of thyroid gland and in temperature regulation.Having problem with Energy of Light keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Pitutary gland growth hormone:
Pituitary gland growth hormone is a polypeptide protein based hormone. Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate growth and reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. The poly peptide chain is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide hormone. This is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells in the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin describes to the pituitary gland growth hormone produced native and naturally in animals. The pituitary gland secretes various growth hormones like a ACTH, TSH, PRL, also known as 'Luteotropic' hormone LTH, FSH.
Is this topic Moment of Inertia Problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Function of pituitary gland growth hormone:
Pituitary gland growth hormones increases retention of calcium, and strengthen the bone and increase their mineralization.
Pituitary gland growth hormones increases muscle mass through secretion of sarcomere hyperplasia
Pituitary gland growth hormones promotes the liplysis
Pituitary gland growth hormones increase protien synthesis, which is helpful in growth of the body.
Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain mostly in infants.
Pituitary gland growth hormones play a role in fuel homeostasis. Therefore maintain the temperature of the body.
Pituitary gland growth hormones reduces liver uptake of glucose.
Pituitary gland growth hormones promote the gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Pituitary gland growth hormones contributes to the maintenance and function of pancreatic islets
Pituitary gland growth hormones stimulate the immune system. Therefore prevent against the diseases by fighting with them.
Rutherford Alpha Particle
Introduction to Rutherford Alpha Particle
The Phenomenon of radiation has puzzled scientists for decades. The study of radiation gave the scientists an insight into the otherwise abstruse inner structure of the atom.Lord Ernest Rutherford was one such practical physicist who was heading the search into the then unknown atom.
Before Rutherford's heroics with the alpha particle, Lea Thomson had promulgated the idea of "PLUM CAKE" Model in which atom is considered as a positive charged ball in which there are negative charges placed. Having problem with Specific Heat Ratio keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Ruherford's Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment:
In a highly practical experiment, Rutherford designed a mechanism to bombard a very thin gold foil with high speed Alpha Particles. Assuming the accepted atomic models, a majority of the alpha particles were to collide with the gold atoms and get scattered. But the results seemed confound everyone.
Instead of going and hitting the gold atoms, almost all the alpha particles went straight through and hit the flouroscent screen beyond the gold foil. A very small portion though had either been reflected back or scattered by an angle as if they hit a massive particle.
It was as if "Shells had been fired at a thin curtain and some bounced back, while most went through."
Looking out for more help on Projectile Motion Physics Problems in physics by visiting listed websites.
Rutherford Aloha Particle Scattering Interpretation- Planetary Model of the Atom
The results of this experiments led to the development of a new model of the atom called the "Planetary Model".
Accordingly the entire positive charge consisting of massive protons is concerntrated in the nucleus, which is at the centre of the atom and is highly dense. It contributes to almost the entire mass of the atoms. The extremely light electrons on the other hand revolve arond this nucleus following circular paths called orbits in empty space sourrounding the atom.
This was the first model that actully resembled the present day accpted model of the atom. Rutherford's experiment later led to the Bohr Model (named for Neils Bohr) and later the modern wave-mechanical model of the atom.
The Phenomenon of radiation has puzzled scientists for decades. The study of radiation gave the scientists an insight into the otherwise abstruse inner structure of the atom.Lord Ernest Rutherford was one such practical physicist who was heading the search into the then unknown atom.
Before Rutherford's heroics with the alpha particle, Lea Thomson had promulgated the idea of "PLUM CAKE" Model in which atom is considered as a positive charged ball in which there are negative charges placed. Having problem with Specific Heat Ratio keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Ruherford's Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment:
In a highly practical experiment, Rutherford designed a mechanism to bombard a very thin gold foil with high speed Alpha Particles. Assuming the accepted atomic models, a majority of the alpha particles were to collide with the gold atoms and get scattered. But the results seemed confound everyone.
Instead of going and hitting the gold atoms, almost all the alpha particles went straight through and hit the flouroscent screen beyond the gold foil. A very small portion though had either been reflected back or scattered by an angle as if they hit a massive particle.
It was as if "Shells had been fired at a thin curtain and some bounced back, while most went through."
Looking out for more help on Projectile Motion Physics Problems in physics by visiting listed websites.
Rutherford Aloha Particle Scattering Interpretation- Planetary Model of the Atom
The results of this experiments led to the development of a new model of the atom called the "Planetary Model".
Accordingly the entire positive charge consisting of massive protons is concerntrated in the nucleus, which is at the centre of the atom and is highly dense. It contributes to almost the entire mass of the atoms. The extremely light electrons on the other hand revolve arond this nucleus following circular paths called orbits in empty space sourrounding the atom.
This was the first model that actully resembled the present day accpted model of the atom. Rutherford's experiment later led to the Bohr Model (named for Neils Bohr) and later the modern wave-mechanical model of the atom.
What are the Symptoms for Influenza
Introduction on what are the symptoms for influenza:
Influenza is commonly called flu.it is an international disease and caused by influenza virus(myxovirus influenza).
Please express your views of this topic What is the Unit for Force by commenting on blog.
Types of Influenza:
There exits three types of influenza viruses- A, B and C. A and B types of influenza viruses are important because these are responsible for epidemics and disease through out the world. The inhaled virus attacks the epithelial cells in the mucous membrane of nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Influenza is spread mainly from person to person contact and by droplet infection via sneezing, coughing or talking. The common symptoms of influenza disease are sudden onset of chills, discharge from the nose, sneezing, fever ,headache, muscular pain, coughing, inflammation of respiratory mucosa and general weakness. fever last three days in adults. Three types of influenza viruses are: influenza A, influenza B, influenza C.
Causes and symptoms of Influenza:
Influenza is a infectious disease caused by RNA virus, it also effects birds and mammals. most frequent symptoms are fever and cough. Influenza also causes pnemonia, that is fatal mostly found in young age. it sometimes get confused with other influenza like illness mostly the common cold. Influenza may also cause vomiting, mostly in children. it may also cause stomach flu. Influenza may be transmitted by air through sneezes or coughs. It may also transmitted directly by contact with birds droppings.
The most common symptoms of influenza are:
(1) weakness
(2) fatigue
(3) muscle ache
(4) headache
(5) fever(101 to 102 degrees)
(6) sneezing
(6) running nose
Is this topic Equation for Projectile Motion hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Influenza Control and prevention:
Prevention: we should try to keep away from flu patients.In muscles, vaccination are injected. some people may have reaction to the vaccine done for influenza. eggs are used to prepare vaccine for influenza. therefore, peoples who have allergy with eggs must inform to there doctors before taking vaccine for influenza.
Control: there no effective control from influenza. However, vaccines are used for the control of infection and antiviral drugs are used for cure. Amantadine and Rimantidine are recommended for the treatment of influenza. Rest hastens the recovery.
Influenza is commonly called flu.it is an international disease and caused by influenza virus(myxovirus influenza).
Please express your views of this topic What is the Unit for Force by commenting on blog.
Types of Influenza:
There exits three types of influenza viruses- A, B and C. A and B types of influenza viruses are important because these are responsible for epidemics and disease through out the world. The inhaled virus attacks the epithelial cells in the mucous membrane of nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Influenza is spread mainly from person to person contact and by droplet infection via sneezing, coughing or talking. The common symptoms of influenza disease are sudden onset of chills, discharge from the nose, sneezing, fever ,headache, muscular pain, coughing, inflammation of respiratory mucosa and general weakness. fever last three days in adults. Three types of influenza viruses are: influenza A, influenza B, influenza C.
Causes and symptoms of Influenza:
Influenza is a infectious disease caused by RNA virus, it also effects birds and mammals. most frequent symptoms are fever and cough. Influenza also causes pnemonia, that is fatal mostly found in young age. it sometimes get confused with other influenza like illness mostly the common cold. Influenza may also cause vomiting, mostly in children. it may also cause stomach flu. Influenza may be transmitted by air through sneezes or coughs. It may also transmitted directly by contact with birds droppings.
The most common symptoms of influenza are:
(1) weakness
(2) fatigue
(3) muscle ache
(4) headache
(5) fever(101 to 102 degrees)
(6) sneezing
(6) running nose
Is this topic Equation for Projectile Motion hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Influenza Control and prevention:
Prevention: we should try to keep away from flu patients.In muscles, vaccination are injected. some people may have reaction to the vaccine done for influenza. eggs are used to prepare vaccine for influenza. therefore, peoples who have allergy with eggs must inform to there doctors before taking vaccine for influenza.
Control: there no effective control from influenza. However, vaccines are used for the control of infection and antiviral drugs are used for cure. Amantadine and Rimantidine are recommended for the treatment of influenza. Rest hastens the recovery.
Friday, May 31, 2013
Energy Power Meter
Introduction to energy power meter:
In a house or in an establishment electrical power is used for various purposes. An agency supplies the electric power at a cost. How does the agency charge you?
The agency charges for the total electrical energy consumed over a period. The amount of electrical energy consumed from time to time is measured by an instrument called energy power meter. It is fitted near to mains connection of the user.Having problem with Phase Change Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Description of energy power meter:
A schematic sketch of an energy power meter is shown above. Two cores of are wound with coils and separated by an electrical insulator. An aluminum disc is mounted on a spindle in such a way that it can rotate in between the coils. The aluminum disc also rotates in between a permanent magnet.
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Principle of energy power meter:
One of the coils is connected across the voltage of the supply and the other coil is connected in series with the line. Hence, the first coil produces a magnetic flux proportional to the voltage and the second coil produces a magnetic flux proportional to the current. These two magnetic fluxes are made to act at 90o and due to interaction of these two fluxes eddy current are induced in the aluminum disc. Hence the disc starts rotating.
The permanent magnet tries to oppose the rotation and at equilibrium, the disc rotaes at a speed proportional to the instantaneous power in the circuit.
The spindle is engaged to a set of worm gears which operate a set of tiny clocks. The clocks are calibrated in such a way to read the number of revolutions in ones, tens hundreds etc.
In a house or in an establishment electrical power is used for various purposes. An agency supplies the electric power at a cost. How does the agency charge you?
The agency charges for the total electrical energy consumed over a period. The amount of electrical energy consumed from time to time is measured by an instrument called energy power meter. It is fitted near to mains connection of the user.Having problem with Phase Change Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Description of energy power meter:
A schematic sketch of an energy power meter is shown above. Two cores of are wound with coils and separated by an electrical insulator. An aluminum disc is mounted on a spindle in such a way that it can rotate in between the coils. The aluminum disc also rotates in between a permanent magnet.
Is this topic Power Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Principle of energy power meter:
One of the coils is connected across the voltage of the supply and the other coil is connected in series with the line. Hence, the first coil produces a magnetic flux proportional to the voltage and the second coil produces a magnetic flux proportional to the current. These two magnetic fluxes are made to act at 90o and due to interaction of these two fluxes eddy current are induced in the aluminum disc. Hence the disc starts rotating.
The permanent magnet tries to oppose the rotation and at equilibrium, the disc rotaes at a speed proportional to the instantaneous power in the circuit.
The spindle is engaged to a set of worm gears which operate a set of tiny clocks. The clocks are calibrated in such a way to read the number of revolutions in ones, tens hundreds etc.
Persistence of Vision
Introduction to persistence of vision:
Persistence of vision is the theory or phenomenon which explains that our retains the image of whatever we see for almost 1/25 second or twenty-fifth of a second or 0.04 seconds. This retained image is called the after image.
So according to this theory of Persistence of vision whatever we see or observe is actually a subtle blend or mix of images at the intervals 0.04 seconds, (that is a blend of images of what is happening now and what had happened a fraction of second back.
The theory of persistence of vision is believed to have been discovered by Lucretius,a Roman poet, although he had mentioned about persistence of vision only in connection with images seen in dreams.
Now a days it has become a common belief of thinkers and scientists that this theory is just a myth.
Persistence of vision examples:
FILM SYSTEMS
A film or a video is made of of number of still images known as frames. This frames are played one after the other with an time interval of less than 0.04 seconds.
This is accounted on the basis of persistence of vision in human, because of which we retain the first frame seen till 0.04, and after 0.04 seconds our eye looks out for another frame of the video. So a frame is changed just in an interval of 0.04 seconds, and our eye observes this to be a continuous video or film.
Thus the minimum frame rate for a video to appear continuous is 25fps( frame per second)
Cartoon Animation
Cartoon animations are also made up of still images. In cartoons lesser number of frames are used each second.
Mostly they show the same drawing in two frames.That means for a cartoon animation having frame rate of 26fps, only 13 different drawings are shown.
Is Persistence of vision a myth:
In the year 1912 Theory of Persistence of vision was debunked, as their was no scientific proof to prove how this theory works.
Two modern theories that replaced this and have more scientifically strong base are Phi phenomenon and Beta movement.
Persistence of vision is the theory or phenomenon which explains that our retains the image of whatever we see for almost 1/25 second or twenty-fifth of a second or 0.04 seconds. This retained image is called the after image.
So according to this theory of Persistence of vision whatever we see or observe is actually a subtle blend or mix of images at the intervals 0.04 seconds, (that is a blend of images of what is happening now and what had happened a fraction of second back.
The theory of persistence of vision is believed to have been discovered by Lucretius,a Roman poet, although he had mentioned about persistence of vision only in connection with images seen in dreams.
Now a days it has become a common belief of thinkers and scientists that this theory is just a myth.
Persistence of vision examples:
FILM SYSTEMS
A film or a video is made of of number of still images known as frames. This frames are played one after the other with an time interval of less than 0.04 seconds.
This is accounted on the basis of persistence of vision in human, because of which we retain the first frame seen till 0.04, and after 0.04 seconds our eye looks out for another frame of the video. So a frame is changed just in an interval of 0.04 seconds, and our eye observes this to be a continuous video or film.
Thus the minimum frame rate for a video to appear continuous is 25fps( frame per second)
Cartoon Animation
Cartoon animations are also made up of still images. In cartoons lesser number of frames are used each second.
Mostly they show the same drawing in two frames.That means for a cartoon animation having frame rate of 26fps, only 13 different drawings are shown.
Is Persistence of vision a myth:
In the year 1912 Theory of Persistence of vision was debunked, as their was no scientific proof to prove how this theory works.
Two modern theories that replaced this and have more scientifically strong base are Phi phenomenon and Beta movement.
Relative Magnetic Permeability
Introduction to relative magnetic permeability:
In electromagnetism (the branch of physics), the ability of a material which supports to produce the magnetic field within itself is called the permeability. We can say that the degree of magnetization of the material which responds to the magnetic filed is called the permeability. Oliver Heaviside gave the term permeability in 1885.
I like to share this Center of Mass of a Triangle with you all through my article.
Permeability for the explanation relative magnetic permeability:
The permeability is measured in Henry per metre or Newton per squared ampere. The absolute permeability of the free space is denoted by the µ0. The absolute permeability is also known as the magnetic constant of the free space. The permeability of the free space is the measure of amount of the resistance offered by the forming of magnetic field in vacuum. The value of the absolute permeability of free space is µ0 = 4p×10-7 H·m-1 or N·A-2. For example, if we rub the iron piece with the magnet, the iron piece gets magnetized and will have its own magnetic field. We can also define the magnetic permeability as the ratio of flux density to the magnetic filed strength (`mu` = B/ H).
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Relative magnetic permeability:
The relative permeability is measured as the ratio of the permeability of the specific medium to the absolute permeability of the free space.
`mu`r = `mu` /`mu`0
The magnetic permeability is not a constant quantity. It is a unit less quantity because it is the ratio of same kind of the physical quantities. It changes as the position of the material changes in the magnetic field. The magnetic permeability also depends on the humidity and the temperature of the material. The materials having high relative permeability are used in strong electromagnets etc. The magnet weakly attracts the substances having low relative permeability. Ferro magnetic materials have high value of relative magnetic permeability. The magnetic materials which are diamagnetic in nature have low values of the relative permeability which are slightly less than 1. In case of the paramagnetic materials, the value of relative magnetic permeability is slightly greater than 1. For some of the materials such as pure iron, and some alloys have relative magnetic permeability more than 100000 or equal to 100000.
In electromagnetism (the branch of physics), the ability of a material which supports to produce the magnetic field within itself is called the permeability. We can say that the degree of magnetization of the material which responds to the magnetic filed is called the permeability. Oliver Heaviside gave the term permeability in 1885.
I like to share this Center of Mass of a Triangle with you all through my article.
Permeability for the explanation relative magnetic permeability:
The permeability is measured in Henry per metre or Newton per squared ampere. The absolute permeability of the free space is denoted by the µ0. The absolute permeability is also known as the magnetic constant of the free space. The permeability of the free space is the measure of amount of the resistance offered by the forming of magnetic field in vacuum. The value of the absolute permeability of free space is µ0 = 4p×10-7 H·m-1 or N·A-2. For example, if we rub the iron piece with the magnet, the iron piece gets magnetized and will have its own magnetic field. We can also define the magnetic permeability as the ratio of flux density to the magnetic filed strength (`mu` = B/ H).
Having problem with Force Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Relative magnetic permeability:
The relative permeability is measured as the ratio of the permeability of the specific medium to the absolute permeability of the free space.
`mu`r = `mu` /`mu`0
The magnetic permeability is not a constant quantity. It is a unit less quantity because it is the ratio of same kind of the physical quantities. It changes as the position of the material changes in the magnetic field. The magnetic permeability also depends on the humidity and the temperature of the material. The materials having high relative permeability are used in strong electromagnets etc. The magnet weakly attracts the substances having low relative permeability. Ferro magnetic materials have high value of relative magnetic permeability. The magnetic materials which are diamagnetic in nature have low values of the relative permeability which are slightly less than 1. In case of the paramagnetic materials, the value of relative magnetic permeability is slightly greater than 1. For some of the materials such as pure iron, and some alloys have relative magnetic permeability more than 100000 or equal to 100000.
7 Forms of Energy
Introduction to 7 forms of energy:
It is often said that a person A is more energetic than a person B. The meaning of this statement is that a person A can do more work than the person B. Person A is said to have more energy. Energy is needed to do some work. After doing a lot of work, one feels tired and need more energy. Thus, anything which is capable of doing work has energy. The capacity of doing work by a body or an object is known as the energy of the body or the object.
Energy is defined as the ability or the capacity to do work.Please express your views of this topic Rotational Kinetic Energy Formula by commenting on blog.
7 forms of energy : Units of Energy:
Energy can be measured in Joules. Joule is named after an English physicist named James Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889. He discovered that heat is a type of energy. One joule is the amount of energy needed to lift 1 pound about 9 inches.
7 Types of Energy:
Kinetic Energy- The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is known as kinetic energy. For example a moving bus, Moving bullets, flowing water etc.
Potential Energy- The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or shape, is known as Potential energy. For example water stored in a dam , a stone lying on the top of hill, a wound spring of a watch, a stretched bow and arrow etc.I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Formula for Force, But thank to online resources of science which helped me to learn myself easily on net.
Mechanical Energy- The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of a body is known as mechanical energy.
Heat or Thermal Energy- The energy possessed by a body due to its temperature is known as heat energy. For example energy of hot water, energy of hot air etc.
Chemical Energy- The energy released in chemical reactions is known as chemical energy.
Sound Energy- The energy of a vibrating object producing sound is known as Sound energy.
Electrical Energy- The energy of moving electrons in a conductor connected with a battery is known as electrical energy.
Nuclear Energy- The energy released when two nuclei of light elements combine with each other to form a heavy nucleus or when a heavy nucleus breaks into two light nuclei is known as nuclear energy.
Solar Energy- The energy radiated by the sun is known as Solar energy
It is often said that a person A is more energetic than a person B. The meaning of this statement is that a person A can do more work than the person B. Person A is said to have more energy. Energy is needed to do some work. After doing a lot of work, one feels tired and need more energy. Thus, anything which is capable of doing work has energy. The capacity of doing work by a body or an object is known as the energy of the body or the object.
Energy is defined as the ability or the capacity to do work.Please express your views of this topic Rotational Kinetic Energy Formula by commenting on blog.
7 forms of energy : Units of Energy:
Energy can be measured in Joules. Joule is named after an English physicist named James Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889. He discovered that heat is a type of energy. One joule is the amount of energy needed to lift 1 pound about 9 inches.
7 Types of Energy:
Kinetic Energy- The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is known as kinetic energy. For example a moving bus, Moving bullets, flowing water etc.
Potential Energy- The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or shape, is known as Potential energy. For example water stored in a dam , a stone lying on the top of hill, a wound spring of a watch, a stretched bow and arrow etc.I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Formula for Force, But thank to online resources of science which helped me to learn myself easily on net.
Mechanical Energy- The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of a body is known as mechanical energy.
Heat or Thermal Energy- The energy possessed by a body due to its temperature is known as heat energy. For example energy of hot water, energy of hot air etc.
Chemical Energy- The energy released in chemical reactions is known as chemical energy.
Sound Energy- The energy of a vibrating object producing sound is known as Sound energy.
Electrical Energy- The energy of moving electrons in a conductor connected with a battery is known as electrical energy.
Nuclear Energy- The energy released when two nuclei of light elements combine with each other to form a heavy nucleus or when a heavy nucleus breaks into two light nuclei is known as nuclear energy.
Solar Energy- The energy radiated by the sun is known as Solar energy
Monday, May 27, 2013
Examples of Gravitational Force
Introduction to Examples of Gravitational Force
Gravity is the force by which every object is attracted to the center of the earth.All heavenly bodies possess gravity at different rates.The gravity in moon is 1/80th the gravity on earth.
Let us take a look at certain examples of gravity
Examples of Gravitational Force
It is because of gravity that everything falls down to earth.If you throw up something, it returns back to the ground too.Everything returns to the earth at a rate of 9.8m/sec^2.An apple falling from a tree is a classical example which led Sir Issac Newton to the discovery of gravity.In the same way gravitational force attracts all body with mass towards the center of the earth.A falling stone,A falling ball,a falling star etc may be sited as examples.
Gravitational force helps in movement.It is because of the gravitational force that we can walk,run,jump etc on the surface of the earth.As said earlier,moon has 1/80th of gravitational force as that of earth, so a person who has 80 kg on earth would experience a weight of 1 kg in moon.This will make him float on the surface of moon.It is because of gravitational force that we move about on earth,it enables the movement of vehicles through the surface of earth too.If gravity was absent,then we would all float about on the surface of the earth.
Without gravity most of the games that we play today including football,soccer,running race,car race etc would not have been there and so does other day to day activities.It is the force of gravity which keeps the planets rotating and revolving around the sun,along with centripetal force.So gravity is indirectly responsible for the cause of day and night and also seasons.
Properties of Examples of Gravitational Force
Gravity is not uniform as it appears.Because the earth is lumpy and bumpy,the gravitational pull is stronger in some places than the others.For example,gravity in Rocky mountains is more than the gravity in Indian Ocean.
Gravity does not remain still too.It changes with ocean currents and magma flow beneath the earth crust,rainfall etc.
Gravity is the force by which every object is attracted to the center of the earth.All heavenly bodies possess gravity at different rates.The gravity in moon is 1/80th the gravity on earth.
Let us take a look at certain examples of gravity
Examples of Gravitational Force
It is because of gravity that everything falls down to earth.If you throw up something, it returns back to the ground too.Everything returns to the earth at a rate of 9.8m/sec^2.An apple falling from a tree is a classical example which led Sir Issac Newton to the discovery of gravity.In the same way gravitational force attracts all body with mass towards the center of the earth.A falling stone,A falling ball,a falling star etc may be sited as examples.
Gravitational force helps in movement.It is because of the gravitational force that we can walk,run,jump etc on the surface of the earth.As said earlier,moon has 1/80th of gravitational force as that of earth, so a person who has 80 kg on earth would experience a weight of 1 kg in moon.This will make him float on the surface of moon.It is because of gravitational force that we move about on earth,it enables the movement of vehicles through the surface of earth too.If gravity was absent,then we would all float about on the surface of the earth.
Without gravity most of the games that we play today including football,soccer,running race,car race etc would not have been there and so does other day to day activities.It is the force of gravity which keeps the planets rotating and revolving around the sun,along with centripetal force.So gravity is indirectly responsible for the cause of day and night and also seasons.
Properties of Examples of Gravitational Force
Gravity is not uniform as it appears.Because the earth is lumpy and bumpy,the gravitational pull is stronger in some places than the others.For example,gravity in Rocky mountains is more than the gravity in Indian Ocean.
Gravity does not remain still too.It changes with ocean currents and magma flow beneath the earth crust,rainfall etc.
Oscillations Introduction
Introduction to oscillation:
In scientific way, there are numerous kinds of motion, such as linear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, non-uniform motion, circular motion, translatory motion, rotational motion, one dimensional motion, two dimensional motion, vibratory motion, periodic motion, oscillatory motion etc. Here we discuss the oscillatory motion.Please express your views of this topic Newtons 1st Law of Motion by commenting on blog.
Explanation and examples of oscillatory motion:
A motion that repeats itself repeatedly about its mean position, such that it remains confined within two well-defined limits (called extreme positions) on either side of the mean position or from the equilibrium, position is called oscillatory motion. It is also called as the vibratory motion. For example, the motion of the Halley’s comet, motion of the earth, phases of moon, the bob of the simple pendulum, the motion of the bar magnet when it is freely suspended.
Some of the common examples are as follows:
The liquid contained in a U tube is oscillatory if it is displaced by a small distance.
The motion of the loaded spring if it being displaced by a small distance.
When a small glass ball or the metallic ball is dropped along the walls of the bowl, it executes the oscillatory motion.
When a piece of wood floating over the surface of the liquid is pressed down and released, it executes oscillatory motion.
If a tunnel is dug along the diameter of the earth and a body is dropped in the tunnel, then the body will not come to rest at the centre of the earth. It will execute the oscillatory motion inside the tunnel about the centre of the earth.Is this topic Force Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for oscillation:
We can conclude that the periodic motion or the bounded motion of a particle about its position may be called as the oscillatory motion. It easily follows that all oscillatory motion is periodic motion but not every periodic motion is oscillatory. Remember that the time taken to complete one oscillation by a body, which executes the oscillatory motion, is constant and that time is called the time-period. The reciprocal of the time-period is called frequency or the number of oscillations in one second is called frequency.
In scientific way, there are numerous kinds of motion, such as linear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, non-uniform motion, circular motion, translatory motion, rotational motion, one dimensional motion, two dimensional motion, vibratory motion, periodic motion, oscillatory motion etc. Here we discuss the oscillatory motion.Please express your views of this topic Newtons 1st Law of Motion by commenting on blog.
Explanation and examples of oscillatory motion:
A motion that repeats itself repeatedly about its mean position, such that it remains confined within two well-defined limits (called extreme positions) on either side of the mean position or from the equilibrium, position is called oscillatory motion. It is also called as the vibratory motion. For example, the motion of the Halley’s comet, motion of the earth, phases of moon, the bob of the simple pendulum, the motion of the bar magnet when it is freely suspended.
Some of the common examples are as follows:
The liquid contained in a U tube is oscillatory if it is displaced by a small distance.
The motion of the loaded spring if it being displaced by a small distance.
When a small glass ball or the metallic ball is dropped along the walls of the bowl, it executes the oscillatory motion.
When a piece of wood floating over the surface of the liquid is pressed down and released, it executes oscillatory motion.
If a tunnel is dug along the diameter of the earth and a body is dropped in the tunnel, then the body will not come to rest at the centre of the earth. It will execute the oscillatory motion inside the tunnel about the centre of the earth.Is this topic Force Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for oscillation:
We can conclude that the periodic motion or the bounded motion of a particle about its position may be called as the oscillatory motion. It easily follows that all oscillatory motion is periodic motion but not every periodic motion is oscillatory. Remember that the time taken to complete one oscillation by a body, which executes the oscillatory motion, is constant and that time is called the time-period. The reciprocal of the time-period is called frequency or the number of oscillations in one second is called frequency.
Introduction to Electric Circuit
Introduction:
Let us see about introduction of electric circuits,
An electric circuit is known as network which has a closed loop and produces a back way to the current. A network is a connection of two or more components, and may not essentially act as a circuit. It is a link of electrical components. These are resistor, capacitor and sources etc. Circuit reproduction software, like VHDL and HSPICE, allows designers to make circuits without the time and money.
Please express your views of this topic Center of Mass Formula by commenting on blog.
About electric circuits:
Let us see about introduction of an electric circuits,
In introduction , an active elements of electric circuits are called as an electronic circuit. These networks are usually non-linear circuit and need more complex design and analysis.
To set an electrical circuit, that may be analog or digital, electrical engineers must being able to estimate the voltages and currents within the circuit.
Linear circuits that are circuits which having the same input and output frequency.
In introduction of these networks, it having the following elements,
Voltage sources
Current Sources
Linear lumped elements
Linear distributed elements
Linear lumped elements:
It having following elements,
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Linear distributed elements:
Transmission lines which is defined by algebraic and transform methods to find out DC response, AC response, and transient response.
Having problem with Density Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Laws of electric circuits:
Let us see about introduction about laws in electric circuits,
Kirchhoff's current law:
The addition of all currents incoming a node is equal to the sum of all currents outgoing the node.
Kirchhoff's voltage law:
The directed addition of the electrical potential differences about a loop has to be zero.
Ohm's law:
While stable temperature, the voltage crossways a resistor is equal to the multiplication of the resistance and the current flowing through it.
Norton's theorem:
The sources with resistors in a network are equal to a parallel connection of current source and resistor.
Thévenin's theorem:
The sources with resistors in a network are equal to a series connection of voltage source and resistor.
Let us see about introduction of electric circuits,
An electric circuit is known as network which has a closed loop and produces a back way to the current. A network is a connection of two or more components, and may not essentially act as a circuit. It is a link of electrical components. These are resistor, capacitor and sources etc. Circuit reproduction software, like VHDL and HSPICE, allows designers to make circuits without the time and money.
Please express your views of this topic Center of Mass Formula by commenting on blog.
About electric circuits:
Let us see about introduction of an electric circuits,
In introduction , an active elements of electric circuits are called as an electronic circuit. These networks are usually non-linear circuit and need more complex design and analysis.
To set an electrical circuit, that may be analog or digital, electrical engineers must being able to estimate the voltages and currents within the circuit.
Linear circuits that are circuits which having the same input and output frequency.
In introduction of these networks, it having the following elements,
Voltage sources
Current Sources
Linear lumped elements
Linear distributed elements
Linear lumped elements:
It having following elements,
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Linear distributed elements:
Transmission lines which is defined by algebraic and transform methods to find out DC response, AC response, and transient response.
Having problem with Density Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Laws of electric circuits:
Let us see about introduction about laws in electric circuits,
Kirchhoff's current law:
The addition of all currents incoming a node is equal to the sum of all currents outgoing the node.
Kirchhoff's voltage law:
The directed addition of the electrical potential differences about a loop has to be zero.
Ohm's law:
While stable temperature, the voltage crossways a resistor is equal to the multiplication of the resistance and the current flowing through it.
Norton's theorem:
The sources with resistors in a network are equal to a parallel connection of current source and resistor.
Thévenin's theorem:
The sources with resistors in a network are equal to a series connection of voltage source and resistor.
How to Calculate Potential Energy
Introduction to calculate potential energy:
Ever heard the term, "He has huge potential for development"? If you have heard of it then you probably know what it means. It means that whoever it is that is being referred to here, they have a huge capacity for development. The Potential part of Potential Energy has the same usage too.
The Potential Energy of a body refers to the Energy Capacity of a body, usually at rest. Depending upon the mass of the body we have a time tested formula for calculating the Potential Energy of a body. As a little byline, this term was coined by the physicist William Rankine.
Formula for Potential Energy
Suppose a body of mass M is at a height (or was lifted to that height) H and if the acceleration due to gravity in the area is G, then the potential energy P.E. of the body is given as
P.E. = M*G*H
Note: Unless specified differently in a numerical problem, G is always taken as 9.8m/s2
Units of Potential Energy:
The Unit of Potential Energy is same as that of Energy. In the S.I. unit system it is Joules and Newton-meter
Forms of potential energy:
There are many different forms of Potential Energy and each has its own formula for calculation, which we shall not discuss here. Some of these forms are:
Gravitational Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy
Electrodynamic Potential Energy
Electrostatic Potential Energy
Nuclear Potential Energy
All these forms have their individual uses, units and formulas.
Is this topic Rotational Kinetic Energy Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Potential Energy VS Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy is often confused with Kinetic Energy. There is a very elementary difference between these two expressions.
The Potential Energy refers to the energy possessed by a body at rest while Kinetic Energy refers to the energy possessed by a body in motion (i.e. the velocity of the body is taken into consideration).
Ever heard the term, "He has huge potential for development"? If you have heard of it then you probably know what it means. It means that whoever it is that is being referred to here, they have a huge capacity for development. The Potential part of Potential Energy has the same usage too.
The Potential Energy of a body refers to the Energy Capacity of a body, usually at rest. Depending upon the mass of the body we have a time tested formula for calculating the Potential Energy of a body. As a little byline, this term was coined by the physicist William Rankine.
Formula for Potential Energy
Suppose a body of mass M is at a height (or was lifted to that height) H and if the acceleration due to gravity in the area is G, then the potential energy P.E. of the body is given as
P.E. = M*G*H
Note: Unless specified differently in a numerical problem, G is always taken as 9.8m/s2
Units of Potential Energy:
The Unit of Potential Energy is same as that of Energy. In the S.I. unit system it is Joules and Newton-meter
Forms of potential energy:
There are many different forms of Potential Energy and each has its own formula for calculation, which we shall not discuss here. Some of these forms are:
Gravitational Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy
Electrodynamic Potential Energy
Electrostatic Potential Energy
Nuclear Potential Energy
All these forms have their individual uses, units and formulas.
Is this topic Rotational Kinetic Energy Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Potential Energy VS Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy is often confused with Kinetic Energy. There is a very elementary difference between these two expressions.
The Potential Energy refers to the energy possessed by a body at rest while Kinetic Energy refers to the energy possessed by a body in motion (i.e. the velocity of the body is taken into consideration).
Sunday, May 26, 2013
General Electric Safety
Introduction to electrical safety pictures:
Electricity is the very useful form of energy in our daily life. Now at that time we cannot imagine the life without electricity. But, without proper precautions the electricity may be very harmful even it causes death also. To avoid the accidents from the electricity first make the two important safety features of the electricity. These two safety features are earthing and fuse.
Having problem with what is conservation of energy keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Earthing the electrical safety pictures:
Earthing is a process, which is used as the safety device for the user of electricity. In our main supply form the electrical pole there are three wires. These three wires are live wire, neutral wire and the earth wire. The other end of the earth wire is connected to the big metal plate and deep buried inside the earth. Most of the electrical appliances in our house are fitted with the three wires out of which one is the earth wire. The earth wire is connected to the metallic body of the electrical appliances with the help of a wire made by the lead. So connecting the metallic body of the electrical appliances by the earth is called earthing. The earthing of the electrical appliance is used to protect the user form the electrical shock.
Looking out for more help on Wavelength Formula in physics by visiting listed websites.
Fuse the electrical safety pictures:
An electrical fuse is a safety device to protect the electrical circuit form the overloading. A fuse is a thin piece of a wire made by the material having low melting point and high resistance. The fuse wire worked on the heating effect of the electric current. The fuse wire is made by the tin and copper alloy. A fuse is always connected in the live wire. As the large amount of the electric current pass through the circuit, the fuse wire gets heated according to the Joule’s heating effect of the electric current. Because the fuse wire has low melting point so it melts as the current is high and the circuit is incomplete so the flow of current restrict in the circuit and the appliance is safe now. We have to use a fuse wire of proper ratings. A thick wire has high rating.
Electricity is the very useful form of energy in our daily life. Now at that time we cannot imagine the life without electricity. But, without proper precautions the electricity may be very harmful even it causes death also. To avoid the accidents from the electricity first make the two important safety features of the electricity. These two safety features are earthing and fuse.
Having problem with what is conservation of energy keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Earthing the electrical safety pictures:
Earthing is a process, which is used as the safety device for the user of electricity. In our main supply form the electrical pole there are three wires. These three wires are live wire, neutral wire and the earth wire. The other end of the earth wire is connected to the big metal plate and deep buried inside the earth. Most of the electrical appliances in our house are fitted with the three wires out of which one is the earth wire. The earth wire is connected to the metallic body of the electrical appliances with the help of a wire made by the lead. So connecting the metallic body of the electrical appliances by the earth is called earthing. The earthing of the electrical appliance is used to protect the user form the electrical shock.
Looking out for more help on Wavelength Formula in physics by visiting listed websites.
Fuse the electrical safety pictures:
An electrical fuse is a safety device to protect the electrical circuit form the overloading. A fuse is a thin piece of a wire made by the material having low melting point and high resistance. The fuse wire worked on the heating effect of the electric current. The fuse wire is made by the tin and copper alloy. A fuse is always connected in the live wire. As the large amount of the electric current pass through the circuit, the fuse wire gets heated according to the Joule’s heating effect of the electric current. Because the fuse wire has low melting point so it melts as the current is high and the circuit is incomplete so the flow of current restrict in the circuit and the appliance is safe now. We have to use a fuse wire of proper ratings. A thick wire has high rating.
Definition of Confined Space
Introduction to a confined space:
The term confined space is used in reference to a labor safety area. This is a space which is confined, and fact that it is confined makes it a dangerous place. A confined space is an enclosed space with limited access. This may or may not contain hazardous material.I like to share this Equation for Torque with you all through my article.
Definition of confined space
A confined space is an area that is enclosed and has limited access. This kind of space can be dangerous to people. Generally in industries certain variety of areas and spaces which are enclosed and have limited access are labeled confined spaces and there are certain rules and regulations to ensure safety and security of personnel operating in confined spaces.
By definition a confined space has restricted means of entry and exit, is not designed for continuous occupancy and is large enough for a person to perform tasks.
Some examples for confined spaces are a utility tunnel, inside of a fluid storage tank, inside of a boiler, inside of a septic tank, a underground electric vault etc.
Understanding Power Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Variation on definition of confined space
The definitions of confined space vary from one industry to another. As per OSHA, occupational safety and health administration, some of the confined spaces require permit to be used. some of the characteristics of confined spaces that require permit are the ones that contain hazardous atmosphere, the spaces where the material inside may engulf the person and cause suffocation or other physical discomfort, the way the space is constructed has a possibility of trapping the person or any other space that contains serious safety or health hazards.
There are several regulations that govern the existence, maintenance and usage of such confined spaces in most industries. The confined spaces are defined for most industries and there are industry specific regulations to govern the administration of such spaces. These spaces are primarily not built for being a workplace.
Conclusion for confined space
Confined space is a space that has limited entry and exit, that may contain hazardous material that may engulf and trap a person. These spaces are governed by industry specific confined space regulations. The definitions of confined space vary from one industry to another.
The term confined space is used in reference to a labor safety area. This is a space which is confined, and fact that it is confined makes it a dangerous place. A confined space is an enclosed space with limited access. This may or may not contain hazardous material.I like to share this Equation for Torque with you all through my article.
Definition of confined space
A confined space is an area that is enclosed and has limited access. This kind of space can be dangerous to people. Generally in industries certain variety of areas and spaces which are enclosed and have limited access are labeled confined spaces and there are certain rules and regulations to ensure safety and security of personnel operating in confined spaces.
By definition a confined space has restricted means of entry and exit, is not designed for continuous occupancy and is large enough for a person to perform tasks.
Some examples for confined spaces are a utility tunnel, inside of a fluid storage tank, inside of a boiler, inside of a septic tank, a underground electric vault etc.
Understanding Power Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Variation on definition of confined space
The definitions of confined space vary from one industry to another. As per OSHA, occupational safety and health administration, some of the confined spaces require permit to be used. some of the characteristics of confined spaces that require permit are the ones that contain hazardous atmosphere, the spaces where the material inside may engulf the person and cause suffocation or other physical discomfort, the way the space is constructed has a possibility of trapping the person or any other space that contains serious safety or health hazards.
There are several regulations that govern the existence, maintenance and usage of such confined spaces in most industries. The confined spaces are defined for most industries and there are industry specific regulations to govern the administration of such spaces. These spaces are primarily not built for being a workplace.
Conclusion for confined space
Confined space is a space that has limited entry and exit, that may contain hazardous material that may engulf and trap a person. These spaces are governed by industry specific confined space regulations. The definitions of confined space vary from one industry to another.
Friday, May 24, 2013
Science Homework Help of Magnetism
Introduction on science homework help of magnetism:
Magnetism is the property by the virtue of which any substance gets attracted to iron, both ferrous or ferrite but not its alloys. Every magnet has a dipole, i.e. north and south poles. In fact our earth is a big magnet and tends to magnetize anything which lies in it for a considerable amount of time and hence the discovery of magnet. Magnet when initially discovered was known as lodestone, and it helped in guiding to proper direction.
Understanding How are Electricity and Magnetism Related is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Magnetic lines of force of magnetism:
Magnets can be both natural magnets as the lodestone or artificially prepared as the electromagnets. Magnets always give rise to magnetic lines of forces i.e. outward originating from the North Pole and terminating in the South Pole, and an inward movement from the South Pole to the North Pole. This can be successfully depicted by the iron fillings method and the compass needle method.
Demagnetism homework help:
Even natural magnets can be demagnetized very easily and hence proper precaution should be taken in tackling with the same. Some of this methods which can lead to demagnetization are:
By rough handling – Repeatedly dropped or hammered
By heating – Heating to develop magnetic agitation and hence loss in magnetism
Electrical method – Wounding a coil around it, and alternating current is passed
By Induction – Like poles of another magnet are placed in front of each other.
Self demagnetization – Loosing magnetism of its own accord
Is this topic Free Fall Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Methods of Magnetization:
On can magnetize an iron bar, to behave as a magnet in the following manner:\
Single touch method – Rubbing a magnet over a steel bar
Double touch method – Rubbing 2 magnets over a steel bar, mounted on 2 other magnets. A cork is kept to separate the rubbing magnets.
Divided touch – Same as double touch but the cork is absent.
Electrical – Current is passed through them in N-S direction
Induction method – Iron bar is brought near a magnet
Thus we see the how magnets can be beneficial in our lives.
Magnetism is the property by the virtue of which any substance gets attracted to iron, both ferrous or ferrite but not its alloys. Every magnet has a dipole, i.e. north and south poles. In fact our earth is a big magnet and tends to magnetize anything which lies in it for a considerable amount of time and hence the discovery of magnet. Magnet when initially discovered was known as lodestone, and it helped in guiding to proper direction.
Understanding How are Electricity and Magnetism Related is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Magnetic lines of force of magnetism:
Magnets can be both natural magnets as the lodestone or artificially prepared as the electromagnets. Magnets always give rise to magnetic lines of forces i.e. outward originating from the North Pole and terminating in the South Pole, and an inward movement from the South Pole to the North Pole. This can be successfully depicted by the iron fillings method and the compass needle method.
Demagnetism homework help:
Even natural magnets can be demagnetized very easily and hence proper precaution should be taken in tackling with the same. Some of this methods which can lead to demagnetization are:
By rough handling – Repeatedly dropped or hammered
By heating – Heating to develop magnetic agitation and hence loss in magnetism
Electrical method – Wounding a coil around it, and alternating current is passed
By Induction – Like poles of another magnet are placed in front of each other.
Self demagnetization – Loosing magnetism of its own accord
Is this topic Free Fall Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Methods of Magnetization:
On can magnetize an iron bar, to behave as a magnet in the following manner:\
Single touch method – Rubbing a magnet over a steel bar
Double touch method – Rubbing 2 magnets over a steel bar, mounted on 2 other magnets. A cork is kept to separate the rubbing magnets.
Divided touch – Same as double touch but the cork is absent.
Electrical – Current is passed through them in N-S direction
Induction method – Iron bar is brought near a magnet
Thus we see the how magnets can be beneficial in our lives.
Features of Platyhelminthes
Introduction to Features of platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes are commonly called as Flatworms. The word Platyhelminthes is derived from the Greek word platy for flat and helminthes for worms. Platyhelminthes belongs to an ancient phylum, nothing much is known about their evolutionary history because of their very soft bodies which do not preserve well as fossils. Scientists believe that they might have evolved around 550 million years ago. Since the Platyhelminthes look like worms like creatures they are called with different names such as Flatworm, Tapeworm, Fluke and Planarian.
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The Platyhelminthes are divided into groups
Turbellaria
Monogenea
Trematoda
Cestoda
Turbellaria are mostly free-living and a few of them are parasitic. They are found in fresh water, oceans and in moist terrestrial habitats.
Monogenea are commonly known as flukes. The Monogenea are mostly external parasites of fish and have a simple life-cycle involving only one host.
Trematoda are commonly known as flukes. Trematoda are mainly endoparasitic in nature and have a life-cycle involving more than one host which is more complicated.
The Cestoda are commonly known as tapeworms, they are intestinal parasites in vertebrates.
Let us see the important Features of platyhelminthes.
Understanding Free Fall Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Important Features of platyhelminthes:
Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic body (composed of three fundamental cell layers) Are the important features of Platyhelminthes.
The body is usually flattened dorsoventrally and No true segmentation is present.
The Epidermis is soft and ciliated, or covered with cuticule and it has external suckers or hooks, or both for connection to host.
Absence of the body cavity except the gut is one of the important features of platyhelminthes.
It has a Digestive system which is incomplete i.e. it has a mouth but no anus and usually much branched.
Another important features Platyhelminthes is it has a Protonephridial excretory organ instead of an anus.
Absence of skeletal, circulatory or respiratory system is one of the features of platyhelminthes
It has normally a nervous system of longitudinal fibers with transverse commissures.
As they are hermaphrodites the reproduction is mostly sexual and the Fertilization occurs internally.
Platyhelminthes are commonly called as Flatworms. The word Platyhelminthes is derived from the Greek word platy for flat and helminthes for worms. Platyhelminthes belongs to an ancient phylum, nothing much is known about their evolutionary history because of their very soft bodies which do not preserve well as fossils. Scientists believe that they might have evolved around 550 million years ago. Since the Platyhelminthes look like worms like creatures they are called with different names such as Flatworm, Tapeworm, Fluke and Planarian.
Is this topic Units of Acceleration hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
The Platyhelminthes are divided into groups
Turbellaria
Monogenea
Trematoda
Cestoda
Turbellaria are mostly free-living and a few of them are parasitic. They are found in fresh water, oceans and in moist terrestrial habitats.
Monogenea are commonly known as flukes. The Monogenea are mostly external parasites of fish and have a simple life-cycle involving only one host.
Trematoda are commonly known as flukes. Trematoda are mainly endoparasitic in nature and have a life-cycle involving more than one host which is more complicated.
The Cestoda are commonly known as tapeworms, they are intestinal parasites in vertebrates.
Let us see the important Features of platyhelminthes.
Understanding Free Fall Equation is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Important Features of platyhelminthes:
Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic body (composed of three fundamental cell layers) Are the important features of Platyhelminthes.
The body is usually flattened dorsoventrally and No true segmentation is present.
The Epidermis is soft and ciliated, or covered with cuticule and it has external suckers or hooks, or both for connection to host.
Absence of the body cavity except the gut is one of the important features of platyhelminthes.
It has a Digestive system which is incomplete i.e. it has a mouth but no anus and usually much branched.
Another important features Platyhelminthes is it has a Protonephridial excretory organ instead of an anus.
Absence of skeletal, circulatory or respiratory system is one of the features of platyhelminthes
It has normally a nervous system of longitudinal fibers with transverse commissures.
As they are hermaphrodites the reproduction is mostly sexual and the Fertilization occurs internally.
Online Science Activity
Introduction to Online science activity:
This article will provide you some important and easy to perform activities that you can do at your home. These activities will increase your scientific knowledge. Apart from this, learning these wold be fun. Also, learning online is a fun for many students. Let us see some of the important science activities:
Activity I:
How to make a screw.
Procedure: Take a triangular piece of paper. Colour its inclined edge. Now wrap the paper around a pencil. The inclined edge now looks like the thread of a screw.
Principle: The screw jack you use to lift a car works on the principle of a screw. When you turn the handle, the screw of the jack turns around and lift the car. The handle on which the effort is applied, moves a much larger distance than the car. But the screw jack lifts a large load.
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Online science Activity (Activity II):
Solubility Experiment
Perform the following activity to learn about solubility.
1. Take some cold water in three glasses.
Add some salt in the first glass, sugar in the second and baking soda in the third.
Observation: You will find that:
(i) alt dissolved completely while sugar dissolves partially.
(ii) Baking soda dissolves partially and the solution is fizzy.
2. Take some warm water in three glasses. again add salt, sugar , baking soda.
Observation: You will observe that:
(i) Salt dissolves completely.
(ii) Sugar dissolves completely.
(iii) Baking soda dissolves completely and the solution is fizzy.
Understanding formula for pressure is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Online science Activity (Activity III):
To understand how increase in weight makes an object sink.
Procedure: Take a piece of thermocol. Put it in a bowl containing water.
Observation: Thermocol as you know is very light and thus floats easily.
Now, place some coins or weights one by one until it sinks. Find out how much weight was required to balance the upthrust and sink the thermocol piece.
Note: If you need any more help with online science activities, our team of expert science tutors will help you in doing so.
This article will provide you some important and easy to perform activities that you can do at your home. These activities will increase your scientific knowledge. Apart from this, learning these wold be fun. Also, learning online is a fun for many students. Let us see some of the important science activities:
Activity I:
How to make a screw.
Procedure: Take a triangular piece of paper. Colour its inclined edge. Now wrap the paper around a pencil. The inclined edge now looks like the thread of a screw.
Principle: The screw jack you use to lift a car works on the principle of a screw. When you turn the handle, the screw of the jack turns around and lift the car. The handle on which the effort is applied, moves a much larger distance than the car. But the screw jack lifts a large load.
Is this topic Angular Momentum Units hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Online science Activity (Activity II):
Solubility Experiment
Perform the following activity to learn about solubility.
1. Take some cold water in three glasses.
Add some salt in the first glass, sugar in the second and baking soda in the third.
Observation: You will find that:
(i) alt dissolved completely while sugar dissolves partially.
(ii) Baking soda dissolves partially and the solution is fizzy.
2. Take some warm water in three glasses. again add salt, sugar , baking soda.
Observation: You will observe that:
(i) Salt dissolves completely.
(ii) Sugar dissolves completely.
(iii) Baking soda dissolves completely and the solution is fizzy.
Understanding formula for pressure is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Online science Activity (Activity III):
To understand how increase in weight makes an object sink.
Procedure: Take a piece of thermocol. Put it in a bowl containing water.
Observation: Thermocol as you know is very light and thus floats easily.
Now, place some coins or weights one by one until it sinks. Find out how much weight was required to balance the upthrust and sink the thermocol piece.
Note: If you need any more help with online science activities, our team of expert science tutors will help you in doing so.
Sodium Chloride From Water
Introduction to Sodium Chloride from water:
Sodium Chloride is an ionic compound with its IUPAC name as Sodium Chloride and
Common names as common salt, saltex, halite, table salt, rock salt, saline, hypo saline, sodium mono chloride, sodium chloric.
It is represented by NaCl. It is major ingredient in edible salt, and is commonly used for adding flavor to the complement food and also used food preservatives.
Sodium Chloride is a very good conductor of heat and electricity. Also, because of the ionic bonds formed between sodium and chlorine, sodium chloride dissolves in water.
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Methods to separate sodium chloride from water:
There are various methods to separate sodium chloride from water. Some of them are as follows:-
1.Evaporation
Evaporation is a process of continuous heating of any liquid till that point when all the liquid gets evaporated. It is considered as the natural removal of water from the solution at relatively low temperature. So, for separating sodium chloride from water, the process of evaporation is used. So, in it when the water evaporates away, and the salt remains in the container. Then, it is separated away from the water. But, it's a slow method of separation of sodium chloride from water.
2.Distillation
Other method to separate sodium chloride from water is distillation. Distillation means to boil the water out of the solution as steam. By doing so, the salt will remain in the container (distillation flask) while the water can be collected in another flask. The steam can be condensed if required to produce pure water(known as desalination).Distillation is used commercially to produce large quantities of pure water from sea water for industrial and domestic use in areas where natural fresh water is not readily available. As in desert regions etc. This however is done as a continuous process and the sea water is flowing through the distillation unit leaving the outlet flow with more salt in it as some of the water is distilled off. The process is also carried out under high vacuum to decrease the boiling temperature of the sea water to about 65°C, thereby reducing the heat input.).
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Conclusion for separation of sodium chloride from water:
From the above we can conclude that sodium chloride can be separated from water by two methods: distillation and evaporation.
Sodium Chloride is an ionic compound with its IUPAC name as Sodium Chloride and
Common names as common salt, saltex, halite, table salt, rock salt, saline, hypo saline, sodium mono chloride, sodium chloric.
It is represented by NaCl. It is major ingredient in edible salt, and is commonly used for adding flavor to the complement food and also used food preservatives.
Sodium Chloride is a very good conductor of heat and electricity. Also, because of the ionic bonds formed between sodium and chlorine, sodium chloride dissolves in water.
Please express your views of this topic Specific Heat of Ethanol by commenting on blog.
Methods to separate sodium chloride from water:
There are various methods to separate sodium chloride from water. Some of them are as follows:-
1.Evaporation
Evaporation is a process of continuous heating of any liquid till that point when all the liquid gets evaporated. It is considered as the natural removal of water from the solution at relatively low temperature. So, for separating sodium chloride from water, the process of evaporation is used. So, in it when the water evaporates away, and the salt remains in the container. Then, it is separated away from the water. But, it's a slow method of separation of sodium chloride from water.
2.Distillation
Other method to separate sodium chloride from water is distillation. Distillation means to boil the water out of the solution as steam. By doing so, the salt will remain in the container (distillation flask) while the water can be collected in another flask. The steam can be condensed if required to produce pure water(known as desalination).Distillation is used commercially to produce large quantities of pure water from sea water for industrial and domestic use in areas where natural fresh water is not readily available. As in desert regions etc. This however is done as a continuous process and the sea water is flowing through the distillation unit leaving the outlet flow with more salt in it as some of the water is distilled off. The process is also carried out under high vacuum to decrease the boiling temperature of the sea water to about 65°C, thereby reducing the heat input.).
Having problem with convert fahrenheit to celsius formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Conclusion for separation of sodium chloride from water:
From the above we can conclude that sodium chloride can be separated from water by two methods: distillation and evaporation.
Sodium Acetate Dissolve
Introduction for sodium acetate dissolve:
Sodium acetate is commonly used as a buffer in the industries. It is the sodium salt of the acetic acid. It is formed by the action of acetic acid on metal. Also, there are a number of procedures to prepare the sodium salt. Sodium salt dissolves mostly in all the aqueous solution like water. Sodium acetate dissolves means it gives it solubility.
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Sodium acetate dissolves in water:
Sodium acetate dissolves in large number of organic and inorganic acids. Sodium acetate has a maximum solubility in water. Sodium acetate solubility in water due to the when sodium acetate dissolves in aqueous solvent; it splits in to the sodium ion and the hydrochloric acids. Water has both the hydroxide ion and the hydronium ion. The hydroxide ions of water forms a envelope around the sodium ion of sodium acetate and the hydronium ion of water forms the envelope acetate ion of the sodium acetate and hence sodium acetate dissolves.
Sodium acetate dissolves in methanol:
Sodium acetate dissolves in large number of organic compounds like methanol, ethanol. It dissolves in methanol and has a maximum solubility in methanol. Sodium acetate solubility in methanol due to the when sodium acetate dissolves in methanol; it splits in to the sodium ion and the acetate ions. Methanol has both the hydroxide ion and the methyl ion. The hydroxide ions of methanol forms an envelope around the sodium ion of sodium acetate and the methyl ion of water forms the envelope acetate ion of the sodium acetate and hence sodium acetate dissolves.
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Sodium acetate dissolves in the hydrochloric acid:
Sodium acetate dissolves in large number of inorganic acids like hydrochloric acid and the organic acids. Sodium acetate dissolves in the hydrochloric acids to produce carbon dioxide. Sodium acetate solubility in hydrochloric acid due to the when sodium acetate dissolves in hydrochloric acid; it splits in to the sodium ion and the acetate ions. Hydrochloric acids have both the chloride ions and the hydronium ions. The chloride ions of hydrochloric acid forms an envelope around the sodium ion of sodium acetate and the hydronium ion of hydrochloric acid forms the envelope acetate ion of the sodium acetate and reacts with them to give carbon dioxide and water, and hence sodium acetate dissolves.
Sodium acetate is commonly used as a buffer in the industries. It is the sodium salt of the acetic acid. It is formed by the action of acetic acid on metal. Also, there are a number of procedures to prepare the sodium salt. Sodium salt dissolves mostly in all the aqueous solution like water. Sodium acetate dissolves means it gives it solubility.
Is this topic Definition of Projectile Motion hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Sodium acetate dissolves in water:
Sodium acetate dissolves in large number of organic and inorganic acids. Sodium acetate has a maximum solubility in water. Sodium acetate solubility in water due to the when sodium acetate dissolves in aqueous solvent; it splits in to the sodium ion and the hydrochloric acids. Water has both the hydroxide ion and the hydronium ion. The hydroxide ions of water forms a envelope around the sodium ion of sodium acetate and the hydronium ion of water forms the envelope acetate ion of the sodium acetate and hence sodium acetate dissolves.
Sodium acetate dissolves in methanol:
Sodium acetate dissolves in large number of organic compounds like methanol, ethanol. It dissolves in methanol and has a maximum solubility in methanol. Sodium acetate solubility in methanol due to the when sodium acetate dissolves in methanol; it splits in to the sodium ion and the acetate ions. Methanol has both the hydroxide ion and the methyl ion. The hydroxide ions of methanol forms an envelope around the sodium ion of sodium acetate and the methyl ion of water forms the envelope acetate ion of the sodium acetate and hence sodium acetate dissolves.
Having problem with de broglie wavelength equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Sodium acetate dissolves in the hydrochloric acid:
Sodium acetate dissolves in large number of inorganic acids like hydrochloric acid and the organic acids. Sodium acetate dissolves in the hydrochloric acids to produce carbon dioxide. Sodium acetate solubility in hydrochloric acid due to the when sodium acetate dissolves in hydrochloric acid; it splits in to the sodium ion and the acetate ions. Hydrochloric acids have both the chloride ions and the hydronium ions. The chloride ions of hydrochloric acid forms an envelope around the sodium ion of sodium acetate and the hydronium ion of hydrochloric acid forms the envelope acetate ion of the sodium acetate and reacts with them to give carbon dioxide and water, and hence sodium acetate dissolves.
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
Soil Moisture Percentage
Introduction to Measuring Soil Moisture Percentage
Soil Moisture is the amount of moisture present in the soil. It can be estimated by feel and the appearance of the soil. To estimate soil moisture, Tensiometers or resistance blocks may be used. For the measurement of moisture, we check it in at least one location for each area of the field because it differs from other areas in soil slope and texture.
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Methods for Measuring Soil Moisture Percentage
There are mainly three methods for measuring soil moisture percentage.
Soil Survey Standard Test Method: This method is based on the removal of soil moisture by oven drying a soil sample until the weight remains constant.
Time-Domain Reflectometer: This method involves the propagation of electromagnetic waves or signals. This method is independent of soil texture, temperature and salinity. It is possible to perform long term in situ measurements. But the disadvantage of this method is that it is very costly.
Gravimetric method: This method involves removal of the soil sample from the field, and determination of the mass of water contained in the soil relative to the mass of dry soil. This method ensures accurate measurements but it has lot of disadvantages. This is time consuming method, inapplicable to automatic control.
Soil Moisture Percentage : Equipment Used
Tape measures, permanent marking pen, soil auger instruments, box of gallon sized Zip-lock plastic bags, field note book, access to a soil lab etc.
For fine grained soils, medium grained and course grained soils, procedures are different.
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Soil Moisture Percentage :Calculation
In general, Soil moisture is reported as percent moisture, where
Moisture content (%) = ((wet weight – dry weight)/(wet weight)) * 100
We calculate the moisture content of the soil as a percentage of the dry soil weight.
MC% = (W2 – W3)/ (W3-W1) * 100
Where:
W1 = Weight of Tin (g)
W2 = Weight of moist soil + tin (g)
W3 = Weight of dried soil + tin (g)
Where chemical analysis are performed on moist samples because it is convenient to correct the results to an oven-dry basis by use of appropriate Moisture Factor (MF) which is calculated as follows:
MF = (W2 –W1)/(W3 – W1)
Or MF = 1 + (MC/100)
Here MC = Moisture Content
Soil Moisture is the amount of moisture present in the soil. It can be estimated by feel and the appearance of the soil. To estimate soil moisture, Tensiometers or resistance blocks may be used. For the measurement of moisture, we check it in at least one location for each area of the field because it differs from other areas in soil slope and texture.
Please express your views of this topic Digital Hydrometer by commenting on blog.
Methods for Measuring Soil Moisture Percentage
There are mainly three methods for measuring soil moisture percentage.
Soil Survey Standard Test Method: This method is based on the removal of soil moisture by oven drying a soil sample until the weight remains constant.
Time-Domain Reflectometer: This method involves the propagation of electromagnetic waves or signals. This method is independent of soil texture, temperature and salinity. It is possible to perform long term in situ measurements. But the disadvantage of this method is that it is very costly.
Gravimetric method: This method involves removal of the soil sample from the field, and determination of the mass of water contained in the soil relative to the mass of dry soil. This method ensures accurate measurements but it has lot of disadvantages. This is time consuming method, inapplicable to automatic control.
Soil Moisture Percentage : Equipment Used
Tape measures, permanent marking pen, soil auger instruments, box of gallon sized Zip-lock plastic bags, field note book, access to a soil lab etc.
For fine grained soils, medium grained and course grained soils, procedures are different.
Is this topic Angular Speed Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Soil Moisture Percentage :Calculation
In general, Soil moisture is reported as percent moisture, where
Moisture content (%) = ((wet weight – dry weight)/(wet weight)) * 100
We calculate the moisture content of the soil as a percentage of the dry soil weight.
MC% = (W2 – W3)/ (W3-W1) * 100
Where:
W1 = Weight of Tin (g)
W2 = Weight of moist soil + tin (g)
W3 = Weight of dried soil + tin (g)
Where chemical analysis are performed on moist samples because it is convenient to correct the results to an oven-dry basis by use of appropriate Moisture Factor (MF) which is calculated as follows:
MF = (W2 –W1)/(W3 – W1)
Or MF = 1 + (MC/100)
Here MC = Moisture Content
What is a Pure Solvent
Introduction to what is a pure solvent:
Solvent may be defined as the ability of a substance to dissolve another substance within and determined by their molecular structure compatibility. Solvents are usually organic and inorganic solvents.
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Water as pure solvent:
Water, apart from being an ideal solvent because of its intermolecular structure, its compactly packed structures facilitates easy movement as in the case of osmosis, movement from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. Water is usually appearing in its pure state, almost a pure solvent, unless distillated. For instance, dissolving of sodium chloride or potassium nitrate in pure water, a pure solvent, lowers the freezing point irrespective of the salt added. The freezing point remains the same upon addition of either of the solutes provided in equal molar amounts.
Molecules of pure aromatic organic solvents have a structure of benzene ring in them. Few examples of pure aromatic solvents are benzene, xylene and toluene. Pure aromatic organic solvents are usually used in the degreasing, used as thinners, for paint manufacturing, printing inks, agricultural chemicals and insecticides.
Other properties of pure solvent
The boiling point of a pure solvent is lower than the boiling point of the solution. Hence, the use of a solution rather than the pure solvent as in antifreeze helps in keeping the mixture from boiling in a hot automobile engine. The solution’s freezing point is decreased by the presence of a solute relative to that of a pure solvent. Taking an example of pure water that freezes at 0oC and when ten grams of sodium chloride is dissolved, the freezing point of the resulting salt solution is less by 5.9oC. Vapour pressure of a solvent as stated by the Raoult’s law is equal to the vapour pressure of a solution of a non-volatile solute divided by its mole fraction.
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Conclusion on what is a pure solvent:
A pure solvent, like water, which is a universal solvent due to the intermolecular structures, is widely used. Organic pure solvents, which are aromatic like benzene, toluene, and xylene, have a benzene ring structure. The colligative properties of solutions differ from pure solvents due to its property of depending upon the number of solutes present in a solution, irrespective of the solutes present.
Solvent may be defined as the ability of a substance to dissolve another substance within and determined by their molecular structure compatibility. Solvents are usually organic and inorganic solvents.
Please express your views of this topic finding density by commenting on blog.
Water as pure solvent:
Water, apart from being an ideal solvent because of its intermolecular structure, its compactly packed structures facilitates easy movement as in the case of osmosis, movement from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. Water is usually appearing in its pure state, almost a pure solvent, unless distillated. For instance, dissolving of sodium chloride or potassium nitrate in pure water, a pure solvent, lowers the freezing point irrespective of the salt added. The freezing point remains the same upon addition of either of the solutes provided in equal molar amounts.
Molecules of pure aromatic organic solvents have a structure of benzene ring in them. Few examples of pure aromatic solvents are benzene, xylene and toluene. Pure aromatic organic solvents are usually used in the degreasing, used as thinners, for paint manufacturing, printing inks, agricultural chemicals and insecticides.
Other properties of pure solvent
The boiling point of a pure solvent is lower than the boiling point of the solution. Hence, the use of a solution rather than the pure solvent as in antifreeze helps in keeping the mixture from boiling in a hot automobile engine. The solution’s freezing point is decreased by the presence of a solute relative to that of a pure solvent. Taking an example of pure water that freezes at 0oC and when ten grams of sodium chloride is dissolved, the freezing point of the resulting salt solution is less by 5.9oC. Vapour pressure of a solvent as stated by the Raoult’s law is equal to the vapour pressure of a solution of a non-volatile solute divided by its mole fraction.
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Conclusion on what is a pure solvent:
A pure solvent, like water, which is a universal solvent due to the intermolecular structures, is widely used. Organic pure solvents, which are aromatic like benzene, toluene, and xylene, have a benzene ring structure. The colligative properties of solutions differ from pure solvents due to its property of depending upon the number of solutes present in a solution, irrespective of the solutes present.
What is Human Resources Manager
Introduction on What is human resource manager:
Human resource manager is generally involved in the task of recruitment, selection, direction and management of the people working in an organization. Sometimes line managers also perform the work of a human resource manager. Human resource manager’s functions are to deal with the issues relating to compensation, benefits, hiring, performance management, development of an organization, safety of employees, wellness of employees, and other new and important functions included are increasing employees motivation, managing proper communication, administration of employees and providing training to newly recruited. I like to share this density experiment with you all through my article.
Responsibilities of a human resource manager:
Responsibilities of a human resource manager differ based on organization to organization. In large organizations one can see separate human resource departments which directly reports to the management. There are many specialized human resource staffs behind the head human resource manager like the training manager, the compensation manager and the recruiting manager. In small organizations the work of a human resource manager is more of a personnel management manager. In other terms human resource management has largely replaced personnel management.
A human resource manager is advocate to both the sides; the firm and its employees. It is the gap between the two parties and has to serve the interest of both the parties. The human resource manager has to make both the ends meet. As the firm and its employees have different motives and there are clashes in their thoughts so a human resource manager has to balance the needs of the two. So the responsibility of recruiting, hiring, training, coaching, Performance management, managing salary and benefits, incentives, employee relations, team building, leadership and overall organization development have to be carried out with due care by a human resource manager.
Understanding fahrenheit to kelvin formula is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Role of human resource manager:
Advocate to the employees and provide assistance programs to employees. A Human resource manager should be trust worthy.
Bringing efficiency and effectiveness in an organization by successfully implementing various strategies and bringing change to an organization.
Human resource manager is generally involved in the task of recruitment, selection, direction and management of the people working in an organization. Sometimes line managers also perform the work of a human resource manager. Human resource manager’s functions are to deal with the issues relating to compensation, benefits, hiring, performance management, development of an organization, safety of employees, wellness of employees, and other new and important functions included are increasing employees motivation, managing proper communication, administration of employees and providing training to newly recruited. I like to share this density experiment with you all through my article.
Responsibilities of a human resource manager:
Responsibilities of a human resource manager differ based on organization to organization. In large organizations one can see separate human resource departments which directly reports to the management. There are many specialized human resource staffs behind the head human resource manager like the training manager, the compensation manager and the recruiting manager. In small organizations the work of a human resource manager is more of a personnel management manager. In other terms human resource management has largely replaced personnel management.
A human resource manager is advocate to both the sides; the firm and its employees. It is the gap between the two parties and has to serve the interest of both the parties. The human resource manager has to make both the ends meet. As the firm and its employees have different motives and there are clashes in their thoughts so a human resource manager has to balance the needs of the two. So the responsibility of recruiting, hiring, training, coaching, Performance management, managing salary and benefits, incentives, employee relations, team building, leadership and overall organization development have to be carried out with due care by a human resource manager.
Understanding fahrenheit to kelvin formula is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out.
Role of human resource manager:
Advocate to the employees and provide assistance programs to employees. A Human resource manager should be trust worthy.
Bringing efficiency and effectiveness in an organization by successfully implementing various strategies and bringing change to an organization.
What Compounds Dissolve in Water
Introduction to the compounds that dissolve in water:
When the table salt and sugar added in water they dissolve as they are soluble in water. But when petroleum is added in to water it does not dissolves same with the sand it does not dissolves as both are insoluble in water. The solubility of different compound helps us to predict what compound dissolves in water. The complete information of what compound dissolves in water helps us to prepare the stock solution of compounds for their analysis. Please express your views of this topic Energy Types by commenting on blog.
Solubility compounds dissolve in water:
Solubility is main criteria that give us information the compound dissolves in water. Solubility is ability of solid, liquid and gases to dissolves in to the liquid to give homogeneous solution. The solid, liquid, gases that dissolve in to the liquid are known as solute while the liquid that dissolves the solute is known as the solvent. The value of solubility is expressed in g/ml. The value of solubility of various compounds in water gives an idea that what compound dissolves in water in what amount. The solubility of compound in water can be affected by temperature and pressure, as the increases in temperature increase the solubility of compounds while reduction in the temperature decreases their solubility. Same with the pressure, pressure increment increase the compound solubility in the water.
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Ionic compounds and water solubility
When the ionic compounds are dissolves in the water they will solublizes like sodium chloride, magnesium chloride. But when the organic covalent compounds dissolves in water they will not solublizes like methane, carbon tetrachloride. Water solublizes any compound if it able to break the interionic interaction of the compounds, therefore the answer of what compound dissolves in water is that only that compound dissolves in water is that compounds for which water is able to break down their ionic interaction. There are also two rules to find out what compounds soluble in water.
The solubility of compounds in water is high if force of attraction in between water molecules and oppositely charged ions are high as compared to the force of attraction between negatively charged ions.
The solubility of compounds in water is low if force of attraction in between water molecules and oppositely charged ions are low as compared to the force of attraction between negatively charged ions.
When the table salt and sugar added in water they dissolve as they are soluble in water. But when petroleum is added in to water it does not dissolves same with the sand it does not dissolves as both are insoluble in water. The solubility of different compound helps us to predict what compound dissolves in water. The complete information of what compound dissolves in water helps us to prepare the stock solution of compounds for their analysis. Please express your views of this topic Energy Types by commenting on blog.
Solubility compounds dissolve in water:
Solubility is main criteria that give us information the compound dissolves in water. Solubility is ability of solid, liquid and gases to dissolves in to the liquid to give homogeneous solution. The solid, liquid, gases that dissolve in to the liquid are known as solute while the liquid that dissolves the solute is known as the solvent. The value of solubility is expressed in g/ml. The value of solubility of various compounds in water gives an idea that what compound dissolves in water in what amount. The solubility of compound in water can be affected by temperature and pressure, as the increases in temperature increase the solubility of compounds while reduction in the temperature decreases their solubility. Same with the pressure, pressure increment increase the compound solubility in the water.
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Ionic compounds and water solubility
When the ionic compounds are dissolves in the water they will solublizes like sodium chloride, magnesium chloride. But when the organic covalent compounds dissolves in water they will not solublizes like methane, carbon tetrachloride. Water solublizes any compound if it able to break the interionic interaction of the compounds, therefore the answer of what compound dissolves in water is that only that compound dissolves in water is that compounds for which water is able to break down their ionic interaction. There are also two rules to find out what compounds soluble in water.
The solubility of compounds in water is high if force of attraction in between water molecules and oppositely charged ions are high as compared to the force of attraction between negatively charged ions.
The solubility of compounds in water is low if force of attraction in between water molecules and oppositely charged ions are low as compared to the force of attraction between negatively charged ions.
Adding Acid to Water
Introduction on adding acid to water:
Acid: The sour taste of lemon is due to the presence of an acid in it. The acid present in lemon which gives it a sour taste is citric acid. Acids are those chemical substances which have a sour taste. They change the color of blue litmus to red. Some of the common fruits such as raw mango, raw grapes, lemon, orange and tamarind etc are sour in taste due to the presence of acids in them. Soured milk also contains acid in it.
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Concentrated acid and dilution
A concentrated acid is one which contains the minimum possible amount of water in it. The concentration of an acid is decreased by adding more water in it. When water is added to a concentrated acid, then a dilute acid is formed. Thus, a dilute acid is one which contains much more of water in it. So, a concentrated acid can be diluted by adding more water into it.
The term dilution stands for making the water more in an concentrated acid. The process of mixing the concentrated acid with water is highly exothermic, i.e. a lot of heat energy is produced. There uttermost care should be taken while diluting an concentrated acid, they should be mixed with each gradually with constant stirring. However, in no case, the water should be directly added into acid.
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Impact in the observer
When we add a concentrated acid into water for preparing a dilute acid, then the heat evolved is gradual and it can be absorbed by the water being added to the concentrated acid. So, As a result there is no liberation of energy, which can cause harmful impact on the observer.
On the other hand, if water is added to directly with concentrated acid to dilute it, then the amount of heat energy evolved is immense. Due to large heat energy , the water is changed into steam, that can cause the splashing of water-acid mixture and cause severe burns. Even the glass container may break due to excessive heating.
Therefore, one has to be very alert while adding an acid to water. As, it could be an extremely dangerous affair.
Acid: The sour taste of lemon is due to the presence of an acid in it. The acid present in lemon which gives it a sour taste is citric acid. Acids are those chemical substances which have a sour taste. They change the color of blue litmus to red. Some of the common fruits such as raw mango, raw grapes, lemon, orange and tamarind etc are sour in taste due to the presence of acids in them. Soured milk also contains acid in it.
Please express your views of this topic Physics Equations of Motion by commenting on blog.
Concentrated acid and dilution
A concentrated acid is one which contains the minimum possible amount of water in it. The concentration of an acid is decreased by adding more water in it. When water is added to a concentrated acid, then a dilute acid is formed. Thus, a dilute acid is one which contains much more of water in it. So, a concentrated acid can be diluted by adding more water into it.
The term dilution stands for making the water more in an concentrated acid. The process of mixing the concentrated acid with water is highly exothermic, i.e. a lot of heat energy is produced. There uttermost care should be taken while diluting an concentrated acid, they should be mixed with each gradually with constant stirring. However, in no case, the water should be directly added into acid.
Is this topic dot product problems hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Impact in the observer
When we add a concentrated acid into water for preparing a dilute acid, then the heat evolved is gradual and it can be absorbed by the water being added to the concentrated acid. So, As a result there is no liberation of energy, which can cause harmful impact on the observer.
On the other hand, if water is added to directly with concentrated acid to dilute it, then the amount of heat energy evolved is immense. Due to large heat energy , the water is changed into steam, that can cause the splashing of water-acid mixture and cause severe burns. Even the glass container may break due to excessive heating.
Therefore, one has to be very alert while adding an acid to water. As, it could be an extremely dangerous affair.
Thursday, May 16, 2013
Thermal Energy Com
Introduction:
Thermal energy storage may be refer to the number of technologies that Store energy in a thermal reservoir for later reuse. They can be employed to the balance energy of demand between the day time and night time. The thermal reservoir to be maintained at the temperature of above (hotter) or below (colder) than that of the ambient environment. The principal of the application today is the production of ice chilled water, or eutectic solution at night, which is then used to cool environments during the day.
I like to share this Activation Energy Equation with you all through my article.
Economics
The most widely to used form of this technology is in large building or campus-wide air condition or chilled water systems. Air conditioning systems,is especially in the commercial buildings, are the most significant contributors to the peak electrical loads seen on hot summer days. In this application is the relatively standard chiller is run at night to produce a pile of ice. Water is the circulated through the pile during the day to produce chilled water that would normally be the daytime output of the chillers.
A partial storage to the system minimizes capital investment by running the chillers 24 hours a day. At night of the produce ice for storage, and during the day they chill water for the air conditioning system, their production augmented by water circulating through the melting ice. Such a system is usually runs in ice-making mode for 16 to 18 hours a day.
Having problem with First Law of Thermodynamics Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Air conditioning
The most widely to used form of this technology is in large building or campus-wide air condition or chilled water systems. Air conditioning systems,is especially in the commercial buildings, are the most significant contributors to the peak electrical loads seen on hot summer days. In this application is the relatively standard chiller is run at night to produce a pile of ice. Water is the circulated through the pile during the day to produce chilled water that would normally be the daytime output of the chillers.
A partial storage to the system minimizes capital investment by running the chillers 24 hours a day. At night of the produce ice for storage, and during the day they chill water for the air conditioning system, their production augmented by water circulating through the melting ice. Such a system is usually runs in ice-making mode for 16 to 18 hours a day.
Thermal energy storage may be refer to the number of technologies that Store energy in a thermal reservoir for later reuse. They can be employed to the balance energy of demand between the day time and night time. The thermal reservoir to be maintained at the temperature of above (hotter) or below (colder) than that of the ambient environment. The principal of the application today is the production of ice chilled water, or eutectic solution at night, which is then used to cool environments during the day.
I like to share this Activation Energy Equation with you all through my article.
Economics
The most widely to used form of this technology is in large building or campus-wide air condition or chilled water systems. Air conditioning systems,is especially in the commercial buildings, are the most significant contributors to the peak electrical loads seen on hot summer days. In this application is the relatively standard chiller is run at night to produce a pile of ice. Water is the circulated through the pile during the day to produce chilled water that would normally be the daytime output of the chillers.
A partial storage to the system minimizes capital investment by running the chillers 24 hours a day. At night of the produce ice for storage, and during the day they chill water for the air conditioning system, their production augmented by water circulating through the melting ice. Such a system is usually runs in ice-making mode for 16 to 18 hours a day.
Having problem with First Law of Thermodynamics Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Air conditioning
The most widely to used form of this technology is in large building or campus-wide air condition or chilled water systems. Air conditioning systems,is especially in the commercial buildings, are the most significant contributors to the peak electrical loads seen on hot summer days. In this application is the relatively standard chiller is run at night to produce a pile of ice. Water is the circulated through the pile during the day to produce chilled water that would normally be the daytime output of the chillers.
A partial storage to the system minimizes capital investment by running the chillers 24 hours a day. At night of the produce ice for storage, and during the day they chill water for the air conditioning system, their production augmented by water circulating through the melting ice. Such a system is usually runs in ice-making mode for 16 to 18 hours a day.
Facts About Thermal Energy
Interesting facts about Thermal Energy:
Thermal energy is brought forth and appraised by heat energy of whatever form. It is induced by the expanded process or speed of atoms in a content, which successively drives temperature to climb up consequently. Earth contains many natural sources of thermal energy on it which results in the availability of best optional energy to humans. I like to share this All Types of Energy with you all through my article.
The laws of thermodynamics explicate that energy in the form of heat can be commuted from one object to another. For example, putting fire under a vessel of wax will cause the wax to melt up as a result of the expanded atom drift. Here the process that thermal energy of the fire is transmitted to the wax upto some extent.
The laws of thermodynamics has granted mankind to tackle natural sources of heat to produce thermal energy. The sun, ocean, and geothermic sources such as volcanoes, can all be called as the most beneficial generators of thermal energy. Solar thermal power is one among the best form of thermal energy available today.
Disadvantage
But the biggest disadvantage of this method is that we need to have sun visible for more time to collect the power. However the technology has improved so much that many devices has come up for the sake of absorbing and storign the solar energy and to use it whenever we require.
Is this topic Gravitational Potential Energy Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Utilization of Solar Energy
Some of the contemporary devices used by solar energy
Watches, cooking tools, radios, lanterns, GPS systems, heaters, traffic signals.
These are some of the devices used in modern day to absorb the energy from sun and to utilize it as an alternate energy. Thermal energy is an wonderful source of energy. If we people learn that how to utilize the natural resources effectively by storing, maintaining and to commute it properly, we can majorly reduce our dependancy on artificial forms of energy.
Thermal energy is brought forth and appraised by heat energy of whatever form. It is induced by the expanded process or speed of atoms in a content, which successively drives temperature to climb up consequently. Earth contains many natural sources of thermal energy on it which results in the availability of best optional energy to humans. I like to share this All Types of Energy with you all through my article.
The laws of thermodynamics explicate that energy in the form of heat can be commuted from one object to another. For example, putting fire under a vessel of wax will cause the wax to melt up as a result of the expanded atom drift. Here the process that thermal energy of the fire is transmitted to the wax upto some extent.
The laws of thermodynamics has granted mankind to tackle natural sources of heat to produce thermal energy. The sun, ocean, and geothermic sources such as volcanoes, can all be called as the most beneficial generators of thermal energy. Solar thermal power is one among the best form of thermal energy available today.
Disadvantage
But the biggest disadvantage of this method is that we need to have sun visible for more time to collect the power. However the technology has improved so much that many devices has come up for the sake of absorbing and storign the solar energy and to use it whenever we require.
Is this topic Gravitational Potential Energy Equation hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Utilization of Solar Energy
Some of the contemporary devices used by solar energy
Watches, cooking tools, radios, lanterns, GPS systems, heaters, traffic signals.
These are some of the devices used in modern day to absorb the energy from sun and to utilize it as an alternate energy. Thermal energy is an wonderful source of energy. If we people learn that how to utilize the natural resources effectively by storing, maintaining and to commute it properly, we can majorly reduce our dependancy on artificial forms of energy.
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Diffraction wavelength
Let us start with what is diffraction of light first and try to answer it. It is basically the bending of the light rays when it passes from a small slit or it is the phenomenon by which the ray of light changes its path or direction slightly when it encounters an obstacle. Please express your views of this topic Wavelength Spectrum by commenting on blog.
It is visible in daily life when we have a hole in the wall and the sun rays are coming through it. Note that you can see the light rays spread out from the hole and form a cone like structure of the light.
Diffraction of light waves can be seen more profoundly when the wavelength of the light rays is of order of the size of the object that is acting like the obstacle. If the wavelength does not match then it would be very difficult to observe these phenomena although it will occur. A diffracted wave will hence almost be of same wavelength. It is basically caused due to the formation of maxima and minima.
In fraunhofer diffraction we have the formation of fringes and alternate black and white stripes which is evident of the diffraction Phenomenon. Basically what happens is that each particle in the light wave is in turn the source of light and hence secondary waves are generated at all the points. Now the intensity of these waves ( secondary ) can be different and at any point the intensity observed will be the sum or aggregation of all the intensities from all the sources for that particular point. This may sometime lead to a minima and sometime lead to a maxima.
Having problem with Work Problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
At point of minima, when the resultant intensity is zero we get dark areas. In areas of maxima where the resultant intensity is a constant value we get maxima and hence the fringes which are not dark. In this way a pattern of alternate fringes ( dark and light ) is formed which is called the pattern formation in diffraction.
There are various equations and formulas considering the intensities at any point. There are diffraction grating equation derivation topics that will lead to a clear understanding of the phenomenon. There are many types of this like circular aperture form along with single slit and dual slit forms.
For each one of them we have specific path difference formula.
For example d sin theta = n v
Here theta is the angle of incidence.
V is the wavelength of the light.
N is a constant.
It is visible in daily life when we have a hole in the wall and the sun rays are coming through it. Note that you can see the light rays spread out from the hole and form a cone like structure of the light.
Diffraction of light waves can be seen more profoundly when the wavelength of the light rays is of order of the size of the object that is acting like the obstacle. If the wavelength does not match then it would be very difficult to observe these phenomena although it will occur. A diffracted wave will hence almost be of same wavelength. It is basically caused due to the formation of maxima and minima.
In fraunhofer diffraction we have the formation of fringes and alternate black and white stripes which is evident of the diffraction Phenomenon. Basically what happens is that each particle in the light wave is in turn the source of light and hence secondary waves are generated at all the points. Now the intensity of these waves ( secondary ) can be different and at any point the intensity observed will be the sum or aggregation of all the intensities from all the sources for that particular point. This may sometime lead to a minima and sometime lead to a maxima.
Having problem with Work Problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
At point of minima, when the resultant intensity is zero we get dark areas. In areas of maxima where the resultant intensity is a constant value we get maxima and hence the fringes which are not dark. In this way a pattern of alternate fringes ( dark and light ) is formed which is called the pattern formation in diffraction.
There are various equations and formulas considering the intensities at any point. There are diffraction grating equation derivation topics that will lead to a clear understanding of the phenomenon. There are many types of this like circular aperture form along with single slit and dual slit forms.
For each one of them we have specific path difference formula.
For example d sin theta = n v
Here theta is the angle of incidence.
V is the wavelength of the light.
N is a constant.
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